'   HQ 


r 


UeSd 


UC-NRLF 


W^mmm^^'y^h:  >-  <--: 


U.  S.  DEPARTMENT  OF  LABOR 
CHILDREN'S  BUREAU 

jUUA  C.  LATHROP.  Chief 


HILD-WELFARE  EXHIBITS 


TYPES  AND  PREPARATION 


BY 


.ANNA  LOUISE  STRONG,  Ph.  D. 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 

in  2007  with  funding  from 
*     Microsoft  Corporation 


MISCELLANEOUS  SERIES  No,  4 
Bureau  Publication  No.  14 


WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT  PRINTING  OFFICE 

I9I5 


^^w\A/.ardhive.6rg7d^tails7611ira^ 


PUBLICATIONS  OF  THE  CHILDREN'S  BUREAU. 

Annual  Reports: 

rirnt  Annual  Rejwrt  of  the  Chief.  Children's  Bureau,  to  the  Secret;! ry  of 
Labor,  for  the  fiscal  year  ended  June  30,  1913.     20  pp.     1914. 

Second  Annual  Report  of  the  Chief,  Children's  Bureau,  to  the  Secretary  ol 
Labor  for  tlie  fiscal  year  ended  June  30.  1914.     19  pp.    1914. 

Care  of  Children  Series: 

No.  1.  Prenatal  Care,  hy  Mrs.   Ma>;     \       ,     41  pp.     3d  ed.     1913.     Bureau 

publication  No.  4. 
No.  2.  Infant  Care,  bv  Mrs  M-.^x  West.     87  ]){).     1914.     Bureau  publication 

No.  8. 

Dependent,  Defective,  and  Delinquent  Classes  Series: 

No,  1.  La\YS  relating  to  Mothers'  Pensions  in  the  T'ulted  States,  Denmark, 
and  New  Zealand,     102  ])p.     1914.     Bureau  publication  No.  7. 

No.  2.  Mental  Defectives  in  the  District  of  Columbia  :  A  brief  description  of 
local  conditions  and  the  need  for  custodial  care  and  training.  39  pp. 
1915,     Bureau  publication  No.  13. 

Infant  Mortality  Series: 

No.  1.  Baby-saving  Campaigns:  A  preliminary   report   on   what  American 

rities   are   doing   to   prevent   infant   mortality.     93   pp.    4th   ed.     1914. 

lUireau  publication  No.  3. 
No.  2.  New  Zealand  Society  for  the  Healtli  of  Women  and  Children:  An 

example  of  the  methods  of  baby-saving  work  in  small  towns  and  rural 

districts.     19  pp.     1914,     Bureau  publication  No.  6, 
No.  3.  Infant  Mortality:  Results  of  a  field  study  in  Johnstown.  Pa..  Itase^l 

on  birtlis  in  one  calendar  year,  by  Emma  Duko.     9:'.  }))',  and  9  pp.  iilns. 

1915.     Bureau  publication  No.  9. 
No.  4.  Infant  Mortality  in  Montclair,  N.  J. :  A  study  of  infant  mortality  in 

a  suburban  community.     36  pp.     1915.     Bureau  publication  No.  11. 

Industrial  Series: 

No.l.  Child    Labor    Legislati(m    in    the    T'liiiod    Si.iirs. ].p,     1!)15. 

Bureau  publication  No.  10. 
No.  2.  Administration  of  Child  Labor  L;i 

Part  1.  Employment  Certificate  Systoui.  iu  ( 'oniiorii<  lu.     (;si  pp.     191  r>. 
Bureau  publication  No.  12. 

Miscellaneous  Series: 

No.l.  The  Children's  Bureau:  A  circular  containing  the  text  ot  tlu^  ]i\^\ 
establishing  the  bureau  and  a  brief  outline  of  tlie  plans  for  immediate 
work.     5  pp,     1912.     Bureau  publication  No.  1. 

Xo.  2.  Birth  Registration:  An  aid  in  preserving  the  lives  and  rights  of 
children.     20  pp.     3d  ed.     1914.     Bureau  publication  No.  2. 

No.  3.  Handbook  of  Federal  Statistics  of  Children :  Number  of  children  in 
the  United  States,  with  their  sex,  age,  race,  nativity,  parentage,  and  geo- 
graphic distribution.     100  pp.     2d  ed.     1914.     Bureau  publication  No.  5. 

No.  4.  Child- Welfare  Exhibits:  Types  and  preparation,  by  Anna  Louis-:^ 
Strong,  Ph.  D.    58  pp.  and  16  pp.  illus.    1915.    Bureau  publication  No.  14. 


U.  S.  DEPARTMENT  Cff  LABOR-,;;,- ;-; ; 
CHILDREN'S  BUREAU 

JULIA  C.  LATHROP.  Chief 


CHILD-'WELFARE  EXHIBITS 

TYPES  AND  PREPARATION 


BY 


ANNA  LOUISE  STRONG.  Ph.  D. 


MISCELLANEOUS  SERIES  No.  4 
Bureau  Publication  No.  14 


WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT  PRINTING  OFHCE 

1915 


//V77/ 


l^oomybr 

Motion.    Picture^ 


ijon 


L^jbrej^y 


BOYS 

Hoaeies 


]  \ 


BOX.di»^ 


Schools 

(POBLIC) 


C/ubs  ^Settlements 

n 

Churches 


Schools 


HOiPITAL   I   OfMT/iL 


Health 


PUBLIC  HEALTH  JiKOCIJfTIOH 


Health 


1  hy"  Ground 


HovL^in^ 


Indabtriel 
Conditions 

\    GOOD      *    ROOnS 

Home^      W 


fipom 


•      PL/iY 

\   Roon 


Home^ 


CHILD  \WELF/lfie 


MBdCflL  \lNiP£<TIOH      f^^^fl^£ 


UNireo 
CHAiaiTtes 


a 


D 


Tkilanihropff 


BfiBY  Rear 

ROOM 


FRONTISPIECE.-TYPICAL  FLOOR  PLAN  OF  A  CH  I  LD-WELFARE  EXHIBIT  (HELD 
IN  ROCHESTER),  SHOWING  CENTRAL  COLIRT,  WIDE  AISLE,  LARGE  SECTIONS 


ARRANGED  BY  SUBJECTS. 

2 


C^(V' 


QjUF 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


Page. 

Letter  of  transmittal 5 

Introductory 7 

Scope  of  the  exhibit 8 

Use  of  traveling  exhibits 10 

Wall  panels 12 

Infant-welfare  exhibit '. 11-13 

Baby  in  the  home 12 

Exhibit  on  food 13 

Directory  of  organizations 13 

Children's  health  conference 13-19 

Method  of  organization 14 

Equipment  needed 16 

Baby  week 16 

Permanent  centers — State  circuits 17 

Exhibit  on  children's  interests -. 19-23 

Method  of  organization .• 19 

Home-play  exhibit 21 

Supplementary  exhibits 22 

State-wide  exhibit 22 

Recreation  survey 22 

Community  child-welfare  exhibits 23-32 

Committee  organization 24-27 

Finance,  or  ways  and  means 24 

Publicity 24 

Installation 25 

Hospitality  and  explainers 25 

Program : ' 26 

Exhibiting  committees 26 

Floor  plans 27 

Unit  construction 28-31 

Construction  of  traveling  exhibits 28 

More  permanent  construction 30 

Color  scheme 31 

Control  by  executive  office 32 

Suggestions  for  exhibitors •. 32-46 

Wall  exhibits : 33-36 

Lettering 34 

Photographs  and  illustrations 34 

Transparencies 35 

Three-dimension  exhibits 36-42 

Models 36 

Moving  models  and  electrical  devices 39 

3 


4    ih  f>   ";  rfc 


4  TABLE   OF   CONTENTS. 

Suggestions  for  exhibitors — Continued.  Page. 

Living  exhibits 42-46 

Explainers 42 

Demonstrations 43 

Program  committee 44 

After  the  exhibit 46 

Appendix  1.  Child -weMare  exhibits  owned  by  State  departments,  January  1, 

1915 49 

Appendix  2.  Record  of  Children's  Health  Conference 52 

Appendix  3.  Table  of  weights  and  measures 54 

Appendix  4.  Announcement  and  entry  form  of  Seattle  Junior  Exhibition 55 

Appendix  5.  Bureau's  exhibit  at  Panama-Pacific  International  Exposition 57 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 


Frontispiece.  Typical  floor  plan  of  a  child-welfare  exhibit  (held  in  Rochester), 
showing  central  court,  wide  aisle,  large  sections  arranged  by  subjects. 

No.  1.  Children's  Health  Conference.  Doctor,  nurse,  parent,  and  child  are  sepa- 
rated from  the  general  public  by  a  glass  wall  through  which  the  examination 
can  be  seen. 

No.  2.  Home-play  exhibit. 

No.  3.  Balance  beam  and  slide  in  home-play  exhibit. 

No.  4.  Wall  panel  from  the  exhibit  of  the  Children's  Bureau,  showing  the  use  of 
cartoons. 

No.  5.  Wall  panel  from  the  exhibit  of  the  Children's  Bureau,  showing  an  arrange- 
ment of  photographs  and  statements  pasted  on  a  larger  background  which 
forms  the  unit  of  construction. 

No.  6.  Wall  panel  from  the  exhibit  of  the  Children's  Bureau,  showing  a  combi- 
nation of  photographs  and  cartoons. 

No.  7.  Wall  panel  on  infant  care. 

No.  8.  Wall  panel  on  infant  care. 

No.  9.  Wall  panel  on  prenatal  care. 

No.  10.  Model  made  for  a  child-welfare  exhibit  by  a  vocational  class  in  the 
Rochester  public  schools. 

No.  11.  Dental  exhibit  comprising  photographs,  statements,  lantern  lecture,  den- 
tal equipment,  models  of  teeth,  and  a  demonstration  of  dental  examination, 
all  in  one  8  by  12  space,  made  by  the  Rochester  Dental  Society. 

No.  12.  Starting  a  fly  campaign  at  the  Rochester  Child-Welfare  Exhibit.  A 
combination  of  "  living  exhibit "  with  charts. 

No.  13.  A  good  exhibit  for  a  library  in  a  community  child- welfare  exhibition  is 
a  children's  room  in  operation. 

No.  14.  Diagram  of  wall  panel  composed  of  cards. 

No.  15.  Cross  section  of  an  illusion.     (Side  view  with  door  removed.) 


LEHER  OF  TRANSMIHAL. 


U.  S.  Department  of  Labor, 

Children's  Bureau, 
Washington^  D.  C.^  September  20, 1915. 
Sir:  I  transmit  herewith  a  bulletin  on  Child-welfare  Exhibits: 
Types  and  preparation,  by  Dr.  Anna  Louise  Strong,  exhibit  expeH 
of  the  Children's  Bureau. 

The  exhibit  has  proved,  in  recent  years,  an  important  means  for 
the  widespread  publication  of  facts.  Especially  effective  have  been 
the  uses  of  this  form  of  publication  in  relation  to  child  and  infant 
welfare.  The  Children's  Bureau  receives  many  letters  of  inquiry 
from  organizations  and  individuals  desiring  to  hold  such  exhibits; 
and  it  is  in  answer  to  inquiries  of  this  kind  that  this  bulletin  has  been 
prepared. 

Respectfully  submitted. 

Julia  C.  Lathrop,  Chief. 
Hon.  William  B.  Wilson, 

Secretary  of  Labor 

5 


CHILD-WELFARE  EXHIBITS, 


INTRODUCTORY. 

In  the  past  five  years  there  have  occurred  in  nearly  every  part  of 
the  United  States  three  distinct  series  of  exhibits  all  dealing  with 
subjects  which  may  be  classed  under  the  general  head  of  child  wel- 
fare. The  New  York  Child-welfare  Exhibit,  held  in  January,  1911, 
aimed  to  show  all  influences  affecting  the  welfare  of  children  in  the 
city  of  New  York,  and  gave  rise  to  a  series  of  similar  exhibits  in 
Chicago,  Kansas  City,  Northampton,  St.  Louis,  Buffalo,  Montreal, 
Louisville,  Providence,  Knoxville,  Rochester,  New  Britain,  Peoria, 
Toledo,  Seattle,  Indianapolis,  and  Dublin  (Ireland),  and  many 
smaller  places. 

The  Philadelphia  Baby- Saving  Show,  in  May,  1912,  gave  its  atten- 
tion to  one  aspect  of  child  welfare — that  of  baby  saving,  covering 
this  in  much  greater  detail  than  had  previously  been  done.  This 
show  led  not  only  to  other  baby-saving  exhibits  but  to  an  enrichment 
of  the  series  of  larger  child-welfare  exhibits  as  far  as  the  subject  of 
infant  welfare  was  concerned.  A  further  enrichment  came  from  the 
Junior  Exhibitions,  held  in  Cleveland  and  San  Francisco,  a  display 
on  a  large  scale  of  objects  made  by  children ;  and  from  the  boys'  hobby 
shows  of  the  Young  Men's  Christian  Association,  dealing  with  the 
special  interests  of  adolescent  boys.  The  children's  health  conference, 
consisting  of  a  free  physical  examination  for  children,  held  in  Knox- 
ville, Tenn.,  in  September-October,  1913,  in  the  children's  building  of 
the  National  Conservation  Congress,  established  a  technique  for  still 
another  feature  of  a  child-welfare  exhibit.  Each  of  these  exhibits 
has  been  held  at  times  alone  and  at  other  times  as  part  of  a  larger 
child-welfare  exhibit. 

The  demand  for  an  exhibit  may  arise  in  a  community  in  many 
ways.  A  mother's  club  or  infant-welfare  station  may  desire  some 
new  and  graphic  way  of  teaching  mothers  the  methods  of  infant 
care ;  a  settlement  or  club  may  wish  to  interest  parents  more  vitally 
in  the  development  of  the  growing  boy  and  girl;  several  children's 
philanthropies  may  wish  to  explain  their  work  to  the  public;  or  a 
group  of  representative  citizens  from  all  these  organizations  may  feel 

7 


8  .  \     i  pHILD- WELFARE   EXHIBITS. 

that:  tn*3  fei«i6.' iias  fcOme  .for  su  graphic  presentation  of  all  the  condi- 
tions that  affect  the  well-being  of  the  community's  children,  so  that 
the  whole  community  may  know  those  conditions  and  take  action  con- 
cerning them. 

For  all  these  purposes  the  exhibit  has  proved  a  useful  method 
of  popular  education.  Comments  of  parents,  teachers,  and  visiting 
nurses  after  the  exhibit  show  conclusively  that  many  homes  are 
reached  and  influenced  by  the  sections  intended  especially  for  par- 
ents. In  securing  community  aims  through  publicity  the  exhibit  has 
shown  itself  equally  effective.  New  laws  or  new  machinery  for  law 
enforcement  or  community  administration  have  been  secured  by 
practically  every  large  child-welfare  exhibit.  A  comprehensive 
exhibit  of  this  kind  should  combine  both  the  appeal  to  the  parent 
and  that  to  the  citizen,  using  each  to  reenforce  the  other.  In  this 
respect  it  offers  a  peculiarly  democratic  approach  to  the  problems 
involved  in  the  welfare  of  the  child,  since  it  takes  as  point  of  depar- 
ture not  the  "  poor  child  "  nor  the  "  bad  boy,"  but  all  children,  leading 
the  parent  to  that  interest  in  community  action  through  which  alone 
his  own  child  may  be  safeguarded  and  the  citizen  to  a  knowledge  of 
the  individual  problems  of  heredity,  ignorance,  and  poverty  on  the 
adequate  solution  of  which  depends  the  community's  future. 

At  first  only  the  larger  cities  felt  able  to  undertake  the  expense  of 
a  child-welfare  exhibit,  which  varied  from  $80,000  in  New  York  to 
$3,000  or  $4,000  in  Toledo,  Seattle,  and  Rochester,  and  even  in  a 
small  community  like  Northampton,  Mass.,  was  as  high  as  $847. 
But  with  the  improvement  of  exhibit  technique  and  with  the  con- 
struction of  many  traveling  exhibits  owned  by  Federal  and  State 
authorities  or  by  national  organizations  practically  any  community 
can  now  hold  some  type  of  child- welfare  exhibit  for  very  little  cost. 

SCOPE  OF  THE  EXHIBIT. 

The  first  thing  to  be  decided  when  a  demand  arises  for  an  exhibit 
dealing  with  questions  of  child  welfare  is  the  scope  and  exact  pur- 
pose of  the  exhibit. 

Is  the  exhibit  to  be  part  of  a  larger  exposition?  If  so,  it  will  be 
conditioned  in  the  choice  of  its  field  by  the  classification  already 
made  by  the  exposition  authorities.  Even  if  no  external  situation 
compels  the  limiting  of  the  field,  reasons  of  economy,  whether  of 
time,  money,  or  effort,  may  make  it  wiser  to  undertake  only  one  part 
of  the  vast  subject  of  child  welfare  and  cover  that  part  w^ith  greater 
detail. 

Care  in  naming  is  desirable  if  the  exhibit  is  to  reach  its  proper 
audience.  The  tendency  to  use  the  title  "  child-welfare  exhibit  "  for 
small  exhibits  which  deal  with  the  care  of  babies,  home  play,  child- 


CHILD-WELFARE    EXHIBITS.  9 

helping  agencies,  or  any  one  partial  aspect  of  the  whole  question  of 
the  child's  welfare  leads  to  many  misconceptions.  It  is  far  better 
to  give  these  exhibits  more  specific  names,  such  as  infant-welfare 
exhibit,  baby-saving  show,  child-helping  exhibit,  children's  health 
conference  and  exhibit.  An  exhibit  which  covers  a  large  variety  of 
subjects  of  special  interest  to  parents,  such  as  infant  care,  food, 
play,  interests,  and  ideals,  but  which  does  not  include  any  reference 
to  community  problems,  may  perhaps  be  designated  by  the  general 
name  of  "child-welfare  exhibit,"  although  even  in  this  case  "the 
child  in  the  home  "  would  seem  a  better  name.  If  the  name  of  a 
city  or  State  is  used  as  a  prefix,  as  "  Kansas  City  Child-Welfare  Ex- 
hibit," the  public  has  a  right  to  expect  a  well-rounded  presentation  of 
the  whole  question  of  the  welfare  of  the  community's  children,  in- 
cluding health,  education,  recreation,  and  the  many  problems  that 
arise  in  dealing  with  the  defective,  dependent,  and  delinquent  child. 
Further  description  of  many  different  types  of  exhibits  suited  to 
varying  needs  will  be  given  later ;  here  it  w  ill  be  sufficient  to  note  the 
special  situations  which  call  for  special  kinds  of  exhibits. 

If  the  main  purpose  is  to  arouse  parents  to  a  knowledge  of  the 
physical  needs  of  their  own  children  and  the  way  to  care  for  those 
needs,  a  children's  health  conference  combined  with  a  small  exhibit 
on  the  care  of  the  baby  and  the  preparation  of  food  is  perhaps  the 
most  direct  method  of  accomplishing  this  end.  A  conference  requires 
for  its  fullest  success  the  cooperation  of  the  county  medical  society, 
the  local  women's  organizations,  and  the  local  authorities  on  domestic 
science.  If,  on  the  other  hand,  the  attention  of  parents  should  be 
directed  toward  the  mental  and  social  needs  of  the  growing  child, 
a  junior  exhibition  or  exhibit  of  children's  interests  is  perhaps  the 
most  desirable  type  of  exhibit.  A  playground  or  school  or  any 
organization  which  has  direct  access  to  a  large  number  of  children 
may  manage  such  an  exhibit,  but  for  a  many-sided  display  it  is  well 
to  include  other  organizations  dealing  with  the  interests  and  ideals 
of  children,  such  as  the  library,  the  Young  Men's  Christian  Asso- 
ciation, the  Young  Women's  Christian  Association,  the  Camp  Fire 
Girls,  the  Boy  Scouts,  and  any  boys'  and  girls'  clubs  that  may  exist. 
A  combination  of  a  children's  health  conference  and  a  junior  exhibi- 
tion might  make  a  fairly  comprehensive  exhibit  on  "  the  child  in  the 
home,"  the  purpose  of  which  would  be  to  stir  parents  to  a  knowledge 
of  what  they  might  do  to  encourage  the  well-rounded  development  of 
their  children. 

If,  however,  it  is  desired  not  only  to  help  individual  parents,  but 
to  secure  needed  legislation  or  community  action  for  the  welfare  of 
children,  then  the  exhibit  must  be  more  extended  in  scope.  It  may 
be  a  baby-saving  show,  emphasizing  the  need  of  birth  registration, 
proper  inspection  of  milk,  a  child-hygiene  division  in  the  board  of 
health,  or  similar  needs,  and  using  the  children's  health  conference 


10  CHILD- WELFARE   EXHIBITS. 

as  one  feature  among  many  others.  Or  it  may  be  a  child-welfare 
exhibit,  modeled  on  the  lines  of  the  large  general  exhibits  held  under 
that  name  and  containing  divisions  on  health,  schools,  recreation, 
moral  and  religious  training,  philanthropy,  law,  industrial  condi- 
tions, etc.,  and  showing  the  work  of  many  organizations  as  well  as 
many  needs,  such  as  a  new  child-labor  law,  more  playgrounds,  chil- 
dren's work  in  the  library,  or  medical  inspection  in  the  schools. 

An  exhibit  on  a  specific  subject,  intended  to  be  of  use  to  parents, 
can  well  be  held  by  any  woman's  club,  settlement,  church,  play- 
ground, school,  or  similar  organization.  On  the  other  hand,  a  com- 
munity child-welfare  exhibit,  designed  to  move  the  community  to 
action,  should  include  on  its  governing  committee  representatives  of 
all  agencies  dealing  with  children — the  schools,  the  playgrounds,  the 
board  of  health,  the  various  philanthropies,  as  well  as  members 
representing,  perhaps  unofficially,  any  large  religious  or  industrial 
groupings  whose  cooperation  is  needed  for  permanent  results. 

USE  OF  TRAVELING  EXHIBITS. 

One  of  the  first  suggestions  made  when  a  child-welfare  exhibit  is 
planned  is  to  save  expense  by  collecting  as  many  exhibits  as  possible 
from  National  and  State  sources.  To  meet  this  demand  many  State 
universities  and  State  health  departments  have  prepared  traveling 
exhibits,  usually  available  for  the  cost  of  transportation.  Many 
national  educational  and  philanthropic  organizations  have  traveling 
exhibits,  which  they  loan  for  a  nominal  rental. 

The  list  of  State  departments — State  health  departments,  exten- 
sion departments  of  State  universities  and  of  State  agricultural  col- 
leges— owning  exhibits  on  January  1,  1915,  will  be  found  in  Appen- 
dix 1.  Progress  in  this  field  is  so  rapid  that  no  local  committee  need 
hesitate  to  inquire  of  State  departments  which  do  not  appear  in  this 
list. 

The  extent  to  which  it  is  wise  to  make  use  of  borrowed  exhibits 
is  a  question  to  be  considered  seriously  by  the  local  executive  com- 
mittee. The  advantages  are  plain.  They  save  a  heavy  expense  of 
photographs,  cartoons,  and  lettering,  and  they  are  probably  designed 
with  more  care  and  with  access  to  a  wider  range  of  facts  than  can  be 
secured  by  a  local  committee  in  the  rush  preceding  an  exhibit.  But 
the  disadvantages  are  equally  plain.  They  rarely  apply  with  great 
force  to  peculiarly  local  needs;  they  fail  to  arouse  local  effort  and 
enthusiasm. 

An  exhibit  designed  primarily  for  parents  may  venture  to  bor- 
row all  its  wall  charts  on  infant  care  from  some  authoritative  source. 
Local  interest  will  be  sufficiently  excited  by  the  examination  of  local 
children  and  the  collection  locally  of  the  baby's  clothing,  bathing 


CHILD- WELFARE  EXHIBITS.  11 

and  sleeping  arrangements,  and  local  exhibits  on  food  and  home 
play. 

But  in  a  larger  child-welfare  exhibit,  which  aims  to  secure  com- 
munity action,  it  is  a  serious  mistake  to  send  out  hastily  for  collec- 
tions of  borrowed  exhibits,  however  good  these  may  be.  The  local 
exhibit  should  first  be  carefully  planned  under  appropriate  subjects 
and  borrowed  material  used  sparingly  and  only  when  it  will  give 
force  and  wider  background  to  important  local  facts.  The  work  of 
local  committees,  even  when  crude,  is  of  such  educational  value  that 
it  is  often  worth  more  to  the  community  than  the  technically  better 
work  of  outsiders.  This  is  not  merely  because  it  contains  local  facts 
and  catchwords  and  describes  local  needs,  but  because  the  process 
of  collecting  those  facts,  analyzing  them,  stating  them  graphically, 
and  coming  to  conclusions  concerning  them,  may  mean  more  for  the 
community's  future,  when  done  by  a  local  committee,  than  the  por- 
trayal of  the  facts  in  the  most  effective  exhibit  form.  A  committee  on 
health,  for  instance,  or  on  recreation,  or  on  child  labor  comprises 
many  factions  with  many  views;  its  members  possess  many  isolated 
bits  of  knowledge.  Under  the  pressure  of  a  coming  exhibit  factional 
discussion  must  be  brought  to  some  conclusion ;  the  bits  of  knowledge, 
more  or  less  vague  before,  must  be  welded  into  a  community  program, 
clear  and  definite,  which  the  committee  is  willing  to  present  to  the 
public.  If  this  is  carefully  done,  then  through  this  committee  work, 
before  a  single  wall  exhibit  is  lifted  or  a  single  model  in  place,  the 
child- welfare  exhibit  may  have  more  than  justified  itself. 

INFANT-WELFARE  EXHIBIT. 

Perhaps  the  simplest  and  most  easily  planned  type  of  exhibit  is 
the  small  infant-welfare  exhibit  held  in  connection  with  State  and 
county  fairs,  baby  contests,  or  children's  health  conferences.  Such 
an  exhibit  may  be  designed  merely  to  give  information  to  the  mothers 
of  a  community  or  it  may  have  the  more  definite  object  of  arousing 
interest  in  a  proposed  infant-welfare  station  or  child-welfare  center. 
It  may  be  held  by  an  infant-welfare  committee  of  a  woman's  club, 
by  a  settlement,  a  visiting-nurse  association,  or  similar  organization, 
and  may  be  planned  to  influence  a  small  town,  a  country  district,  a 
city  neighborhood,  or  an  entire  city. 

The  organization  of  an  exhibit  intended  to  include  all  the  activities 
of  a  large  city  will  be  considered  later  under  the  head  of  community 
child-welfare  exhibits.  For  smaller  exhibits,  held  by  an  infant- 
welfare  committee  or  association,  little  formal  organization  is  neces- 
sary. Each  main  subdivision  of  the  exhibit  should  be  placed  in 
charge  of  an  individual  or  a  small  committee;  these  are  named  and 
described  later.     Questions  of  place,  publicity,  lectures,   and  bor- 


12  CHILD- WELFARE   EXHIBITS. 

rowed  exhibits  may  or  may  not  need  attention  by  special  committees 
or  designated  individuals;  frequently  in  small  exhibits  such  ques- 
tions already  have  been  determined  by  the  circumstances  which  called 
the  exhibit  into  being. 

WALL  PANELS. 

The  question  must  be  decided  whether  the  panels  shall  be  borrowed 
or  shall  be  prepared  under  medical  direction.  Living  demonstra- 
tions and  actual  objects  form  by  far  the  most  effective  part  of  any 
exhibit.  These  can  be  prepared  locally,  however,  with  better  results 
than  attend  any  traveling  exhibit.  Wall  panels,  on  the  other  hand, 
while  in  many  ways  the  least  effective  part  of  an  exhibit,  are  ex- 
pensive and  diflScult  to  prepare,  but  they  form  a  desirable  addition 
and  one  which  with  advantage  can  be  loaned  again  and  again. 

If  it  is  decided  to  borrow  exhibit  material  in  the  form  of  wall  ex- 
hibits, application  may  be  made  to  the  local  State  board  of  health, 
or  the  State  university,  many  of  which  possess  lending  exhibits  on 
infant  welfare.  (See  Appendix  1.)  The  Children's  Bureau  also  sends 
out  small  collections  of  wall  panels  and  lantern  slides  on  this  sub- 
ject, though  they  in  no  sense  form  a  complete  exhibit  or  a  substitute 
for  local  effort.  The  following  organizations  have  traveling  exhibits 
on  infant  welfare:  The  Association  for  the  Study  and  Prevention 
of  Infant  Mortality,  1211  Cathedral  Street,  Baltimore,  Md. ;  the 
Kussell  Sage  Foundation,  130  East  Twenty-second  Street,  New  York 
City ;  and  the  National  Child- Welfare  Exhibit  Association,  30  East 
Forty-second  Street,  New  York  City. 

In  case  it  is  decided  to  prepare  the  panels  locally  with  the  advice 
of  the  local  society  doing  infant-welfare  work  or  of  a  committee  of 
physicians,  various  methods  of  preparation,  dependent  upon  the 
amount  of  money  to  be  expended,  may  be  used.  (See  section  on  Wall 
Exhibits,  p.  33.) 

Among  the  many  forms  of  locally  prepared  exhibits  which  are 
effective  without  being  costly  may  be  mentioned  the  following : 

BABY  IN  THE  HOME. 

[Prepared  by  local  society  doing  infant-welfare  work  or  by  women's  organizations  under 

medical  direction.] 

Clothing  for  baby. 

Sleeping  arrangements. 

Bathing  arrangements. 

Toys — plain,  unpainted. 

Baby  killers — long-tubed  bottles,  flies,  etc. 

Scales  for  weighing  baby. 

Good  and  bad  carriages. 

Any  good  ideas  for  the  care  of  babies. 


CHILD- WELFAEE   EXHIBITS.  13 

For  this  exhibit  local  stores  would  lend  articles,  but  the  choosing 
of  these  articles  should  be  done  under  a  responsible  committee  of 
people  doing  infant- welfare  work.  The  exhibit  might  profitably  show 
home-made  outfits  at  minimum  cost,  as  well  as  good  ideas  for  families 
of  fair  income. 

EXHIBIT  ON  FOOD. 

[Under  local  committee  of  children's  specialists  and  domestic-science  teachers.] 

(a)  Modification  of  milk — objects  and  demonstrations. 

(h)   Demonstration  of  preparing  various  foods  for  young  children. 

(c)  Right  food  for  babies  9  months  to  18  months.  (Sample  meals 
for  one  day.) 

(d)  Right  food  for  children  18  months  to  2  years. 

(e)  Right  food  for  children  2  to  3  years. 
(/)   Good  school  lunches. 

(g)  An  exhibit  of  a  good  and  a  bad  Saturday-night  family  market 
basket. 

(h)  A  good  and  a  bad  grocery,  preferably  prepared  by  the  local 
food  inspector  or  the  housewives'  league. 

DIRECTORY  OF  ORGANIZATIONS. 

Each  organization  dealing  with  babies  should  be  allowed  one  panel 
on  which  to  state,  in  briefest  possible  form,  the  precise  place  it  occu- 
pies in  the  infant-welfare  work  of  the  community.  This  should  be 
done- under  the  supervision  of  a  committee  composed  of  representa- 
tives of  all  the  organizations. 

Every  organization  planning  an  infant- welfare  exhibit  should  con- 
sider the  possibility  of  holding  a  children's  health  conference  in 
connection  with  it;  in  fact  it  may  prove  advisable  to  make  the  con- 
ference the  central  feature  of  the  exhibit.  The  organization  of  such 
a  conference  is  so  important  that  it  must  be  considered  at  greater 
length. 

CHILDREN'S  HEALTH  CONFERENCE. 

An  activity  frequently  combined  with  an  infant-welfare  exhibit, 
but  important  enough  to  deserve  more  detailed  description,  is  the 
children's  health  conference,  consisting  of  a  free  physical  examina- 
tion of  children  under  15  years  of  age.  A  record  is  given  each  parent 
containing  a  statement  of  the  child's  condition  and  any  general 
advice  that  seems  needed  regarding  diet,  exercise,  and  general 
hygiene.  A  conference  of  this  type  formed  the  central  feature  of 
the  exhibit  of  the  Children's  Bureau  at  the  Panama-Pacific  Expo- 
sition, San  Francisco,  1915.     (See  illustration  No.  1.) 


14  CHILD-WELFARE  EXHIBITS. 

This  conference  is  not  a  clinic,  in  that  no  sick  children  are  ad- 
mitted and  no  treatment  or  prescriptions  given.  Where  there  is  need 
for  treatment  the  case  is  referred  to  the  family  physician  or  to  a 
clinic,  or  the  type  of  specialist  to  be  consulted  is  indicated  on  the 
record.  The  weight  and  height  of  each  child  is  compared  with  the 
average  for  its  age.  (See  Appendix  3.)  Nor  is  it  a  "  contest,"  since 
children  are  not  graded  or  scored  on  a  percentage  basis — a  method 
which  would  require  the  presence  of  several  specialists — and  conse- 
quently no  comparing  of  children  is  possible.  The  kind  of  children 
that  come,  the  needs  which  are  found,  and  the  type  of  advice  given 
are  indicated  in  the  set  of  typical  records  found  in  Appendix  2. 

The  particular  method  of  this  conference  was  foreshadowed  in  the 
many  local  child-welfare  exhibits  in  which  local  infant-welfare  or- 
ganizations offered  a  free  physical  examination  for  all  babies  as  a 
part  of  their  exhibit.  It  was  not,  however,  a  consciously  distinct 
plan  of  baby-saving  work  until  the  National  Conservation  Exposi- 
tion in  Knoxville,  Tenn.,  September-October,  1913,  where  a  chil- 
dren's building  was  managed  by  a  committee  composed  of  representa- 
tives of  the  Children's  Bureau,  the  Russell  Sage  Foundation,  the 
National  Child- Welfare  Exhibit  Association,  the  National  Child- 
Labor  Committee,  and  other  National,  State,  and  local  organiza- 
tions. As  a  contribution  to  the  joint  exhibit  the  Eussell  Sage 
Foundation  gave  the  services  of  Miss  Ellen  C.  Babbitt,  who  planned 
and  organized  the  Children's  Health  Conference,  which  was  later 
conducted  by  Dr.  Frances  Sage  Bradley.  It  was  in  continuous  oper- 
ation for  two  months,  and  drew  children  not  only  from  Knoxville 
but  from  remote  country  and  mountain  districts.  It  was  immediately 
followed  by  similar  conferences  in  Peoria,  Atlanta,  Toledo,  and 
Dublin  (Ireland),  all  held  in  connection  with  local  child-welfare 
exhibits.  The  Dublin  conference  attracted  wide  attention  and  gave 
promise  of  spreading  the  movement  to  other  countries  in  Europe 
had  it  not  been  for  the  outbreak  of  the  war. 

METHOD  OF  ORGANIZATION. 

In  some  of  the  cities  children  were  examined  by  a  single  out-of- 
town  physician,  paid  for  the  entire  time ;  in  others  by  members  of  a 
committee  of  the  local  medical  society.  Both  of  these  methods 
have  their  strong  and  weak  points.  The  examination  by  local 
physicians  can  be  conducted  for  less  expense  and  helps  to  arouse 
the  interest  of  the  local  medical  society  in  infant  welfare.  It  is  not, 
however,  adapted  to  conferences  lasting  more  than  a  short  time,  and 
it  raises  several  problems.  Many  good  children's  specialists  have 
had  little  experience  in  giving  simple  advice  helpful  to  mothers. 
The  local  medical  society  is  without  doubt  the  organization  which 


CHILI>-WELFAKE   EXHIBITS.  15 

should  take  part  in  calling  the  conference  and  in  directing  its  policy, 
deciding  after  careful  consideration  whether  the  examinations  shall 
be  made  by  its  own  members  or  shall  be  under  the  charge  of  a 
physician  from  another  city. 

The  conference  held  in  Jacksonville,  November-December,  1914,  in 
connection  with  the  annual  meeting  of  the  American  Public  Health 
Association,  deserves  detailed  description,  since  it  combines  some  of 
the  good  points  of  both  methods.  It  w'as  organized  at  the  request 
of  the  city  board  of  health  and  the  county  medical  society,  but  car- 
ried on  under  a  physician  with  previous  experience  in  conference 
work  but  with  no  local  connections,  who  came  three  weeks  before  the 
opening  to  organize  the  work.  Local  physicians  and  dentists  gave 
valuable  assistance,  as  the  work  was  too  great  to  be  handled  by  one 
person.  Three  school  nurses  were  put  at  the  disposal  of  the  con- 
ference for  the  entile  time. 

A  conference  of  this  type  requires  the  organization  of  four  com- 
mittees : 

1.  A  committee  of  the  medical  society,  which  secures  the  equip- 
ment and  governs  the  policy  of  the  conference,  decides  on  the  place, 
hours,  age  limit,  and  form  of  record. 

2.  A  committee  of  the  dental  society,  which  secures  the  equipment 
and  takes  charge  of  the  examination  of  children's  teeth. 

3.  A  publicity  committee,  on  which  are  represented  the  press,  the 
business  men's  organizations,  and  the  women's  clubs.  It  is  especially 
important  that  information  about  the  conference  be  widely  spread 
among  mothers.  This  can  sometimes  be  done  partly  through  the 
schools. 

4.  A  committee  on  exhibits.  If  the  conference  is  part  of  a  larger 
exhibit  with  its  own  committees,  special  committees  in  the  confer- 
ence on  publicity  and  exhibits  would  be  unnecessary. 

In  Jacksonville  the  exhibits  connected  with  the  conference  were 
prepared  under  a  committee  composed  of  the  State  chairman  of  pub- 
lic health  of  the  Federation  of  Women's  Clubs,  the  president  of  the 
Jacksonville  Women's  Club,  and  the  president  of  the  Parent  Teachers' 
Association.  This  committee  designated  the  different  w^omen's  or- 
ganizations, which,  under  the  direction  of  the  physicians  in  charge, 
prepared  exhibits  on  baby  feeding,  clothing,  toys,  and  sleeping  and 
bathing  arrangements. 

With  enthusiastic  local  cooperation  most  of  the  equipment  of  the 
conference  can  be  borrowed  or  made  by  various  women's  organiza- 
tions. The  hall  can  usually  be  obtained  free  and  should  allow  ample 
space  for  the  examination  of  several  children  and  a  place  from  which 
the  public  can  see  what  is  going  on,  preferably  through  a  glass  wall, 
without  coming  near  enough  to  interfere.  This  is  of  special  value, 
as  one  of  the  main  objects  of  the  conference  is  to  educate  the  public 
3895°— 15 2 


16  CHILD- WELFARE  EXHIBITS. 

in  the  value  of  a  periodic  examination  made  by  a  physician,  not  only 
after  the  child  has  entered  school,  but  also  before  school  age.  In 
many  communities  the  importance  of  medical  inspection  for  school 
children  has  long  been  recognized;  but  while  a  few  infant- welfare 
stations  now  include  the  oversight  of  children  between  2  and  6  years, 
this  period  is  neglected  in  most  communities.  The  children's  health 
conference  shows  the  importance  of  an  examination  for  children  of 
all  ages,  in  order  that  bad  'tendencies  may  be  discovered  and  cor- 
rected before  they  become  serious  defects.  In  the  Jacksonville  con- 
ference the  salary  of  the  organizer  and  the  printing  of  the  records 
formed  almost  the  only  expense. 

EQUIPMENT  NEEDED. 

The  equipment  needed  for  the  examination  of  the  children  is  as 
follows  : 
Desk  for  examining  physician. 
Table  for  examinations. 
Table  for  scales. 
Scale  for  infants. 

Scale  and  measuring  rod  for  older  children. 
Tape  measures. 
Pad  for  examining  table. 
Stork  sheeting  for  examining  table. 
Supply  of  sheets  for  both  tables. 
Lavatory  or  substitute. 
Paper  towels,  soap,  bichloride  tablets,  etc. 
Electric  flasher. 
Tongue  depressors. 
Stethoscope. 
Calipers. 

Toys  (to  amuse  frightened  children). 
Records. 

Summary  sheet  for  physician's  own  record. 
Helpful  literature  for  distribution. 

BABY   WEEK. 

Following  the  lead  of  New  York  City  and  Chicago,  various  cities 
during  the  last  year  have  been  setting  aside  one  week,  usually  in  the 
late  spring  or  early  summer,  for  a  special  celebration  in  honor  of 
the  baby,  during  which  every  phase  of  infant- welfare  work  is  thor- 
oughly advertised.  There  is  no  reason  why  smaller  towns  and  country 
districts  should  not  also  have  a  "  baby  week,"  using  any  of  the  many 
features  adopted  in  the  larger  cities.  Among  the  special  features 
which  have  been  used  on  these  occasions  are  the  follow^ing: 


CHILD-WELFARE    EXHIBITS.  17 

Special  stories  in  all  the  newspapers  before  and  during  baby 
week. 

Illuminated  signs,  billboard  posters,  window  cards,  streamers,  and 
other  forms  of  poster  advertising. 

Lantern  slides  exhibited  between  films  in  all  the  motion-picture 
houses.     Educational  literature  distributed  by  school  children. 

Leaflets  on  proper  clothing  distributed  by  department  stores  in  all 
packages  containing  infant  wear ;  leaflets  on  the  care  of  baby's  bottle 
inserted  in  drug-store  packages;  tags  on  pure  milk  wired  to  milk 
bottles  by  the  milk  dealers. 

Special  advertising  of  baby  goods  by  many  large  firms. 

Lectures  in  a  central  hall  and  in  various  districts. 

Flag-distribution  day  (first  introduced  in  the  Pittsburgh  baby 
week).  A  special  pennant  is  taken  to  each  home  in  which  there  is  a 
baby  under  a  year  old  and  fastened  in  the  window.  At  the  same  time 
each  mother  is  given  an  envelope  of  literature  on  the  care  of  the 
baby. 

House-to-house  canvass  for  funds  for  the  infant- welfare  activities 
of  the  city.  This  was  done  in  the  Chicago  baby  week.  The  city  was 
districted  and  assigned  to  various  women's  organizations.  Contribu- 
tions, even  of  5  cents,  were  welcomed,  as  the  main  object  was  to  inter- 
est the  entire  city  in  supporting  the  work  for  babies.  A  daily 
luncheon  was  held  to  report  progress. 

A  baby  week  may  well  include  an  infant- welfare  exhibit  and  chil- 
dren's health  conference  held  in  some  central  place,  or  a  children's 
health  conference  may  be  advertised  by  many  of  the  publicity 
methods  of  baby  week.  The  difference  between  these  two  plans  is 
merely  one  of  naming  and  emphasis. 

PERMANENT  CENTERS— STATE  CIRCUITS. 

In  several  communities  infant-welfare  exhibit,  or  health  confer- 
ences, have  led  to  the  establishment  of  permanent  centers.  In  Oregon 
a  baby  health  contest  and  exhibit,  held  at  the  State  fair,  led  to  a  per- 
manent parents'  educational  bureau.  In  Iowa  it  is  hoped  that  the  baby 
health  contests  and  conferences,  for  the  organization  of  which  the 
State  university  sends  a  physician,  will  lead  to  a  series  of  child- 
welfare  centers,  with  regular  examinations  of  children.  In  New  York 
the  exhibit  of  the  State  department  of  health  is  sent  out  in  accordance 
with  a  definite  policy,  and  has  led  in  many  cases  to  local  infant- 
welfare  stations.  The  work  of  the  infant-welfare  station,  supple- 
mented by  instructive  work  by  nurses  in  the  home,  has  proved  the 
most  successful  means  for  the  care  of  those  babies  whose  parents 
can  not  afford  such  regular  care  from  a  private  physician.  The  baby 
is  brought  weekly  to  the  station  to  be  weighed ;  the  mother  is  encour- 


18  CHILD-WELFAEE   EXHIBITS. 

aged  in  every  way  to  nurse  the  baby;  when  this  is  impossible  the 
feeding  is  prescribed  by  the  physician,  and  the  mother  is  taught  in 
her  own  home  by  the  nurse  how  to  prepare  the  feedings.  Many 
communities,  especially  small  towns  and  rural  communities,  have 
not  as  yet,  however,  been  able  to  support  such  stations,  and  some  sub- 
stitute such  as  one  of  the  other  forms  of  permanent  stations  must  be 
used. 

The  Parents'  Educational  Bureau,  in  Portland,  Oreg.,  is  operated 
by  the  State  Congress  of  Mothers  in  three  rooms  in  the  courthouse 
placed  at  their  disposal  by  the  county  commissioners.  Although  its 
origin  was  a  baby  contest,  the  bureau  has  dropped  not  only  all  prize 
giving  but  even  the  name  of  contest,  finding  that  it  detracted  from 
the  effectiveness  of  the  work.  The  bureau  is  not  an  infant- welfare 
station,  as  each  baby  is  not  brought  back  every  week.  It  lays  em- 
phasis on  the  value  of  a  complete  physical  and  mental  examination, 
at  least  once,  and  preferably  at  intervals  for  every  baby  in  the 
community. 

Usually  applications  are  made  several  weeks  ahead,  as  only  15 
to  20  children  can  be  cared  for  in  the  one  session  a  week,  which  lasts 
from  1  till  2.30  p.  m.  Six  doctors,  a  dentist,  and  five  general  workers 
come  for  this  period — all  as  volunteers.  The  children  range  in  age 
from  6  months  to  6  years,  but  in  communities  where  there  is  no 
efficient  system  of  -medical  inspection  to  care  for  school  children,  the 
age  might  profitably  be  extended.  The  mental  examination  is  made 
first,  then  the  general  physical  examination,  and,  finally,  the  examina- 
tion of  the  nose  and  teeth.  Four  doctors  are  engaged  in  the  physical 
examinations,  in  order  to  keep  pace  with  the  time  taken  by  the 
special  tests.    In  two  years  2,270  children  have  been  examined. 

The  Parents'  Educational  Bureau  also  maintains  a  series  of  lec- 
tures on  infant  care,  a  supply  of  free  literature  collected  from  various 
sources,  and  an  exhibit  of  an  inexpensive  layette,  with  free  patterns 
for  young  mothers.  A  25 -cent  registration  fee  for  each  baby  covers 
all  incidental  charges  except  the  salary  pf  a  clerical  worker,  who 
answers  the  telephone,  makes  appointments,  and  attends  to  other 
details. 

Obviously,  in  many  rural  counties,  the  continuous  time  even  of  one 
worker  can  not  at  once  be  secured.  For  such  counties  the  temporary 
infant-welfare  exhibit  and  children's  health  conference  might  well 
leave  behind  "  child- welfare  centers  "  of  the  type  planned  in  Iowa. 
These  are  permanent  deposit  stations  of  such  literature  and  exhibits 
as  may  be  available,  at  which  it  is  planned  to  hold  health  contests  or 
conferences  from  time  to  time.  A  physician  to  organize  and  direct  such 
conferences  is  sent  by  the  extension  division  of  the  State  university. 


CHILD-WELFARE   EXHIBITS.  19 

A  series  of  county  child-welfare  centers  might  well  be  placed  on  a 
regular  circuit,  supplied  from  a  central  source  with  a  traveling 
medical  director,  assisted  by  the  county  medical  society,  to  conduct 
children's  health  conferences  at  definitely  fixed  dates  and  accom- 
panied perhaps  by  a  nurse  to  give  demonstrations  on  the  care  and 
feeding  of  infants.  This,  in  many  States,  would  seem  a  step  not  only 
natural  but  not  too  difficult  to  take  and  would  establish  a  circuit  for 
lectures  and  traveling  exhibits  and  a  strong  working  basis  for  later 
developments. 

EXHIBIT  ON  CHILDREN'S  INTERESTS. 

A  playground,  settlement,  school,  Sunday  school,  or  any  organiza- 
tion with  access  to  a  large  number  of  children  can  hold  an  exhibit  on 
children's  interests  at  small  expense.  Where  it  is  desired  to  reach 
all  the  parents  of  a  large  community  the  school  system  usually  offers 
the  means  of  accomplishing  this  end  with  little  trouble. 

The  object  of  an  exhibit  of  this  type,  whether  known  as  junior 
exhibition,  child-life  exhibition,  back-to-the-home  exhibit,  or  ex- 
hibit of  children's  interests,  is  to  show  parents  the  wide  extent  of  the 
interests  of  children  and  the  need  of  supplying  adequate  material 
and  tools  for  their  expression,  and  thus  to  lay  a  foundation  for  the 
enrichment  of  home  life  in  its  contributions  to  the  development  of 
the  growing  child  in  body,  mind,  character,  and  social  relations. 
Supplementary  exhibits  from  playgrounds,  libraries.  Camp  Fire 
Girls,  and  similar  organizations  make  a  useful  addition  and  draw 
the  attention  of  parents  to  the  use  that  can  be  made  of  community 
resources. 

'method  of  organization. 

The  organization  of  an  exhibit  of  this  kind  may  be  illustrated  by 
the  junior  exposition  held  as  part  of  the  Seattle  Child- Welfare 
Exhibit,  and  accomplished  with  a  minimum  of  cost. 

The  first  step  was  the  calling  of  a  committee  of  20,  at  a  meeting 
of  which  the  classification  of  exhibits  was  settled  and  a  committee 
of  three  placed  in  charge  of  each  department.  The  departments  in 
the  Seattle  exhibition  were  as  follows  (see  Appendix  4  for  complete 
blank)  : 

Gardening. 

Woodwork. 

Toys.  ^ 

Electrical  and  mechanical  apparatus. 

Printing. 

Arts  and  crafts. 


20  CHILD- WELFARE  EXHIBITS. 

Domestic  science. 
Domestic  art. 
Millinery. 
Pets. 

The  departments  were  further  divided  into  age  groups — ^those 
under  13  in  one  group  and  those  between  13  and  16  in  another.  In 
an  exhibit  for  parents  of  young  children  a  special  division  might 
be  made  for  children  under  school  age. 

Twenty- five  thousand  printed  announcements  of  the  exhibition 
were  sent  through  the  schools,  reaching  every  home.  The  back  of 
this  announcement  contained  an  entry  form,  which  was  to  be  re- 
turned by  a  given  date.  These  forms  were  assigned  as  received  to 
the  committees  responsible  for  the  different  departments,  which  then 
made  requests  for  space  on  the  basis  of  the  applications  received. 
The  hall  was  then  diagrammed  and  tables  were  secured  and  assigned 
to  various  committees.  Since  the  space  even  of  an  armory  proved 
insufficient  to  accommodate  all  demands,  large  numbers^  of  duplicate 
exhibits  were  rejected,  the  choice  being  determined  partly  by  order 
of  application  and  partly  by  the  desire  to  represent  all  sections  of 
the  city. 

At  the  opening  of  the  exhibition  the  children  came  to  the  hall 
with  their  exhibits  and  were  sent  to  the  proper  department,  where 
they  met  the  committee  in  charge.  The  committee  received  each  ex- 
hibit and  attached  to  it  an  identifying  tag,  made  by  taking  an  ordi- 
nary manila  tag,  writing  the  child's  name  on  it,  and  then  tearing  it 
in  half.  The  child  kept  half  as  his  check  on  the  exhibit,  and  when  he 
returned  to  claim  his  article  he  proved  his  ownership  by  fitting  the 
two  pieces  together.  (For  a  slightly  additional  cost  a  somewhat 
more  convenient  set  of  numbered  tags  could  be  secured.)  Big  boys 
from  the  schools  acted  as  guards,  but  many  of  the  children  wished 
to  stay  through  most  of  the  day  with  their  exhibits  in  order  to 
explain  them. 

Tables,  ropes,  ribbons,  manila  tags,  and  the  preliminary  printed 
announcement  containing  the  entry  form  were  the  only  items  of  ex- 
pense. Prizes  have  been  found  to  be  not  only  unnecessary  in  stimu- 
lating the  willingness  of  the  children  to  participate,  but  productive 
of  embarrassment  and  disturbance.  The  Seattle  committee  even  de- 
cided at  the  close  of  their  exhibit  that  a  merit  badge  for  all  partici- 
pants would  have  been  better  than  the  blue  and  red  ribbons  with 
their  suggestion  of  competition.  The  children  should  feel  not  that 
they  are  competing  with  each  other,  but  that  they  are  all  uniting 
in  a  common  display  of  the  "  work  of  the  boys  and  girls  of  the 
community,  showing  something  of  their  skill,  perseverance,  and  inge- 
nuity, and  how  they  use  their  leisure  time." 


CHILD-WELFARE  EXHIBITS.  21 

HOME-PLAY    EXHIBIT. 

An  exhibit  on  home  play,  showing  equipment  for  a  back  yard  and 
for  indoor  play,  is  a  valuable  addition  to  a  display  of  children's  in- 
terests. A  possible  list  of  such  equipment  is  given  below ;  some  of  it 
can  be  made  by  parents,  some  by  a  manual  training  class  in  the  high 
school  (see  illustration  No.  2),  and  some  can  be  borrowed  from  local 

Play  room. 

PLAY  IN  THE  HOUSE GOOD  EQUIPMENT 

Play  room. 

Cupboard  for  playthings. 

Pencils. 

Colored  crayons. 

Water-color  paints. 

Cardboard. 

Colored  paints. 

Scissors. 

String. 

Rags. 

Paste. 

Molding  wax  or  clay. 

Dolls. 

Shelves. 

Pebbles. 

Blackboard. 

Pennants,  flags. 

A  few  well-chosen  mechanical  toys. 

PLAY  IN  THE  YARD GOOD  EQUIPMENT. 

Sand  box  (preferably  raised  on  legs,  with  benches  around,  to  avoid 
dampness  and  dirt). 

Low  swing. 

Playhouse. 

Indian  costume. 

Express  wagon. 

Wheelbarrow. 

Ladders  to  climb  (2  ladders,  8  feet  high,  connected  at  top  with 
10-foot  horizontal  ladder). 

Slide,  6  feet  high,  8  feet  long. 

Balance  beam,  10  feet  long,  6  or  8  inches  above  ground.  (See 
illustration  No.  3.) 

Garden  patch. 

Set  of  garden  tools. 


22  CHILD-WELFABE   EXHIBITS. 

SUPPLEMENTARY  EXHIBITS. 

An  exhibit  of  children's  interests  is  capable  of  indefinite  expan- 
sion, limited  only  by  time  and  space,  and  to  a  less  degree,  by  money. 
An  organization  of  Boy  Scouts  or  Camp  Fire  Girls  would  have  a 
wealth  of  material  to  show  on  the  interests  and  ideals  of  older  boys 
and  girls.  Kindergarten  material  might  be  displayed  from  the 
standpoint  of  its  use,  not  in  school  rooms  but  in  the  home.  Where 
the  material  is  expensive,  ways  should  be  shown  in  which  the  mother 
can  follow  the  same  idea  in  homemade^  materials.  Mothers  who 
have  previously  been  teachers  or  kindergartners  should  be  able  to 
prepare  exhibits  of  this  type. 

The  local  public  library  would  probably  be  glad  to  prepare  an  ex- 
hibit of  a  child's  library,  showing  books  for  different  ages.  A  sepa- 
rate exhibit  might  also  be  made  of  educational  pursuits  which  can 
be  introduced  to  the  child  as  hobbies.  Books  on  insect  life,  simple 
electrical  equipment,  a  good  microscope,  indicate  the  kind  of  articles 
to  be  included  here.  The  dramatic  instinct  in  children  could  be 
shown  by  a  program  of  chosen  performances  made  up  by  children. 
This  should,  however,  be  omitted  unless  groups  of  children  are 
already  giving  such  performances  to  their  friends. 

STATE-WIDE  EXHIBIT. 

It  is  quite  possible  to  make  an  exhibit  of  children's  interests  on  a 
State-wide  scale  through  any  State  organization  which  has  county 
or  district  branches.  This  would  involve  county  displays  at  county 
fairs,  culminating*  in  a  State  exhibit,  in  which  each  county  is  as- 
signed definite  table  space  and  wall  space  which  it  is  asked  to  fill 
with  an  exhibit  selected  for  its  suggestive  value  to  parents.  Ele- 
ments in  determining  this  value  would  be  the  variety  of  interests 
shown,  their  use  in  the  child's  development,  their  applicability  to 
children  of  varying  ages  and  tastes,  and  the  ease  and  economy  with 
Avhich  the  materials  can  be  secured.  Local  exhibits  which  can  not 
be  shipped,  such  as  playhouses,  can  be  illustrated  by  photographs; 
but  these  should  never  form  a  large  part  of  any  exhibit.  The  first 
exhibit  of  this  kind  is  planned  for  Portland,  Oreg.,  in  October,  1915, 
under  the  State  Congress  of  Mothers. 

RECREATION  SURVEY. 

In  communities  where  the  time,  money,  and  workers  for  a  recrea- 
tion survey  are  obtainable  the  results  can  be  displayed  to  great  ad- 
vantage as  the  central  feature  of  an  exhibit  of  children's  interests. 

In  case  a  complete  survey  seems  impossible  or  inadvisable,  some 
of  the  investigations  commonly  used  in  such  surveys  can  be  carried 


CHILD- WELFAEE   EXHIBITS.  23 

on  by  local  committees  of  vohmteers  and  will  furnish  interesting  ex- 
hibit material.    Among  these  are : 

(a)  A  study  of  typical  districts  on  a  bright  afternoon  or  Satur- 
day to  see  what  the  children  are  doing,  whether  they  are — 

1.  Playing  in  the  yard. 

2.  Playing  in  the  streets. 

3.  Loafing  on  the  streets. 

4.  Playing  in  vacant  lots. 

5.  Playing  in  pla3^grounds. 

6.  Going  somewhere. 

(h)  A  study  of  school  children's  compositions  written  on  Mon- 
day in  the  sixth,  seventh,  and  eighth  grades  on  "What  I  did  on 
Saturday  and  Sunday."  The  children  should  be  asked  to  try  to  put 
down  as  manj^  things  as  they  can  remember  rather  than  an  elaborate 
account  of  one  event.  These  activities  can  be  grouped  as  (1)  out- 
door play,  (2)  outdoor  loafing,  (3)  indoor  exercise,  (4)  indoor  quiet 
play,  calling,  etc.,  (5)  reading,  (6)  motion  pictures,  (7)  housework, 
(8)  miscellaneous.  The  number  of  children  doing  any  of  these  and 
the  number  of  times  each  activity  is  mentioned  form  separate  studies. 
Comparisons  of  boys  and  girls  are  interesting.  Comparisons  of  dif- 
ferent sections  of  town  often  will  show  the  influence  of  a  playground, 
settlement,  or  large  gymnasium  in  an  interesting  way. 

(c)  Children's  compositions  on  "  The  kind  of  motion  pictures  I 
like  best,"  or  other  suitable  subject,  properly  classified  and  charted. 

(d)  Children's  designs  for  an  ideal  yard  and  garden,  preferably 
conducted  through  the  art  department  of  the  schools.  In  the  Toledo 
Child-Welfare  Exhibit  a  group  of  selected  children  made  models  in 
sand,  gravel,  paper,  felt,  and  other  materials  which  they  themselves 
chose  to  embody  their  ideas. 

(e)  A  directory  of  organizations  which  deal  with  the  interests 
and  ideals  of  children,  the  amount  of  space  allowed  to  each  being 
determined  by  a  committee  composed  of  representatives  of  all  the 
organizations.  Any  community  work — playgrounds  or  social  cen- 
ters— should  be  especially  featured. 

COMMUNITY  CHILD-WELFARE  EXHIBITS.^ 

The  exhibits  so  far  discussed  have  been  chiefly  concerned  with  a 
direct  appeal  to  parents  regarding  the  health  and  proper  care  or 
the  interests  and  ideals  of  their  children.  They  have  been  exhibits 
such  as  could  be  prepared  without  great  expense  and  without  outside 
direction  in  any  community  in  which  a  group  of  interested  people 

iSee  bulletins  published  by  the  National  Child- Welfare  Exhibit  Association,  30  East 
Forty-second  Street,  New  York  (^ity,  the  Russell  Sage  Foundation,  130  East  Twenty- 
second  Street,  New  York  City,  and  the  Educational  Exhibition  Co.,  Providence,  R.  I.,  for 
detailed  description  of  large  exhibitions  and  consideration  of  problems  raised  by  them. 


24  CHILD-WELFARE  EXHIBITS. 

willing  to  give  time  and  work  can  be  assembled.  The  preceding 
discussion  has  shown,  however,  that  the  tendency  in  all  such  exhibits 
is  to  expand  to  include  community  problems  in  health,  recreation, 
and  other  aspects  of  child  welfare.  Unless  the  problem^s  involved 
in  such  expansion  and  the  committee  organization  necessary  to  meet 
them  are  deliberately  faced,  the  exhibit  is  in  danger  of  becoming  a 
miscellaneous  combination  without  proportion,  touching  upon  some 
problems  extensively  and  perhaps  one-sidedly  and  ignoring  others 
that  are  equally  important  for  the  welfare  of  the  child. 

While  any  organization  with  sufficient  medical  knowledge  may 
hold  an  exhibit  on  the  care  of  babies,  and  any  organization  with 
access  to  enough  children  may  hold  an  exhibit  on  children's  interests, 
a  community  child-welfare  exhibit  can  not  be  effectively  held  with- 
out the  cooperation  of  all  forces  in  the  community  which  deal  with 
the  welfare  of  the  child.  No  community  is  ready  for  such  an  ex- 
hibit until  there  is  a  united  conviction  among  the  leading  social 
workers,  including  those  interested  in  health,  education,  and  recrea- 
tion as  well  as  in  philanthropy,  that  they  have  certain  definite  facts 
in  their  possession  with  which  the  public  should  be  made  acquainted. 
This  does  not  necessarily  imply  a  complete  community  survey,  but 
does  imply  a  knowledge  of  definite  conditions,  of  laws  affecting 
them,  and  of  desired  improvements.  Without  the  consciousness  of 
a  message  based  on  such  knowledge  and  the  cooperation  of  an  effec- 
tive group  in  the  expression  of  it  an  exhibit  dealing  with  community 
needs  is  a  waste  of  time. 

COMMITTEE  ORGANIZATION. 

The  general  committee  responsible  for  such  an  exhibit  should  con- 
tain representatives  of  all  prominent  movements  on  behalf  of  the 
welfare  of  children  and  of  all  large  religious  and  industrial  group- 
ings of  the  community  which  need  to  be  considered  in  securing  the 
results  advocated  by  the  exhibit.  This  committee  will  probably  be 
too  large  for  active  work  and  should  choose  from  its  number  a 
smaller  subcommittee  to  handle  administrative  details. 

If  the  exhibit  is  a  large  one,  this  smaller  executive  committee  will 
wish  to  place  many  details,  such  as  finance,  publicity,  program,  in 
the  hands  of  special  committees.  The  following  is  a  possible  list 
of  such  committees,  although  in  a  very  large  city  exhibit  even  these 
committees  may  find  it  necessary  to  divide  their  work  among  sub- 
committees, as  the  detail  may  prove  too  great  to  be  covered  by  the 
groups  outlined. 

Finance,  or  ways  and  means. — This  committee  is  charged  with 
securing  gifts  of  materials  as  well  as  of  money. 

Publicity  (see  types  of  publicity  mentioned  above  under  the  head  of 
"  Baby  week"). — This  committee  also  may  have  charge  of  all  publi- 


CHILI>- WELFARE   EXHIBITS.  25 

cations,  such  as  the  handbook  of  the  exhibit  and  the  various  leaflets 
for  distribution  in  the  sections,  or,  if  it  seems  advisable,  a  literature 
committee  may  be  created  to  supervise  all  educational  publications. 
Even  if  no  funds  are  allowed  for  special  literature,  such  a  committee 
often  can  secure  a  well-balanced  supply  by  offering  suggestions  to 
boards  of  health  and  other  organizations  which  have  a  fund  for 
printing.  All  exhibitors  should  submit  to  this  conmiittee  copies  of 
any  leaflets  they  wish  to  distribute,  and  the  approved  copies  should 
be  kept  at  the  information  desk  as  a  check  against  unauthorized 
literature.  Appeals  by  exhibitors  for  money  or  members  usually 
are  not  permitted,  unless  forming  an  unimportant  part  of  educa- 
tional pamphlets  already  printed. 

Installation. — This  committee  is  charged  with  the  planning  of  the 
floor  space,  the  decorations,  the  color  scheme,  and  the  general  ap- 
pearance of  the  exhibits.  Its  work  will  be  outlined  later  in  some 
detail  under  those  heads.  A  public-spirited  architect  makes  a  good 
chairman  for  this  committee.  Secretaries  of  the  carpenters'  and  the 
painters'  unions  have  been  found  to  be  useful  members,  especially  in 
strongly  unionized  cities,  where  they  have  often  saved  much  time 
and  many  complications  in  getting  the  bids  for  construction  work 
and  materials.  Persons  who  are  in  a  position  to  secure  volunteer 
service  from  artists,  cartoonists,  or  decorators  are  also  useful  on  this 
committee.  One  or  two  advertising  men  or  headline  writers  may 
also  be  of  use  for  consultation  by  exhibitors  regarding  effective  word- 
ing, but  so  much  work  of  this  kind  is  needed  that  it  will  probably 
be  necessary  to  have  for  this  purpose  a  paid  exhibit  expert  in  the 
administrative  office. 

Hospitality  and  explainers. — This  work  may  be  done  under  one 
or  two  committees,  as  seems  desirable.  While  each  exhibitor  or  ex- 
hibiting committee  should  as  far  as  possible  furnish  demonstrators  or 
explainers,  a  supervising  committee  is  needed  to  supply  gaps  in 
special  exhibits,  to  furnish  general  guides  around  the  exhibit,  to 
manage  the  information  desk,  and  to  see  that  the  public  is  welcomed 
and  shown  the  objects  of  greatest  interest.  Explainers  furnish  the 
living  element  in  an  exhibit;  they  help  to  stop  aimlessly  wandering 
crowds,  to  focus  attention  on  special  points,  and  to  correct  mistaken 
impressions.  In  some  exhibits  the  hospitality  committee  has  taken 
charge  of  the  check  room,  the  water  supply,  the  women's  rest  room, 
and  has  greatly  assisted  in  the  promotion  of  cooperation  and  friend- 
liness by  occasional  social  functions,  before  and  immediately  after 
the  exhibit.  An  informal  dinner  held  a  few  days  before  the  exhibit 
opens,  to  which  all  committee  members,  explainers,  donors,  and  peo- 
ple vitally  interested  are  invited  to  hear  five-minute  presentations  of 
the  work  of  the  committees,  is  a  simple  matter  to  arrange  and  is 
usually  the  scene  of  real  interest  and  enthusiasm.     An  informal  gath- 


26  CHILD- WELFARE  EXHIBITS. 

ering,  held  for  three-quarters  of  an  hour  on  closing  night,  at  10 
o'clock,  in  the  main  court  of  the  exhibit,  with  light  refreshments 
and  impromptu  anecdotes  about  the  week's  happenings,  proves  a 
pleasant  way  of  relieving  the  strain  of  the  w^eek's  work  and  welding 
together  the  working  groups  which  have  been  formed  by  the  exhibit. 

Program. — The  work  of  this  committee  will  be  treated  later  in 
more  detail.  It  includes  the  direct  control  of  all  lectures,  motion 
pictures,  and  general  entertainments,  with  sufficient  oversight  of  all 
living  demonstrations  to  prevent  interfering  programs.  Its  member- 
ship should  usually  include  all  persons  who  are  directly  responsible 
for  any  large  special  performance,  such  as  the  supervisors  of  music 
and  gymnastics  in  the  schools,  the  playground  director,  the  head  of 
the  Boy  Scouts,  etc. 

Exhibiting  committees.— In  addition  to  the  committees  above  men- 
tioned, charged  with  the  control  of  certain  aspects  of  the  exhibit,  it 
will  be  found  advisable,  in  order  to  avoid  duplication,  contradictory 
statements,  and  lack  of  proportion,  to  group  the  exhibiting  organiza- 
tions and  individuals  into  committees  on  a  few  main  subjects,  each 
allotted  a  share  of  floor  space  and  charged  with  working  out  a  com- 
prehensive, well-balanced  exhibit  in  its  particular  field.  An  exhibit 
of  subjects  is  much  more  effective  in  securing  popular  support  for 
community  measures  than  an  exhibit  of  organizations ;  yet  when  vari- 
ous organizations  pay  for  exhibits  their  wishes  must  be  considered. 
A  grouping  of  the  type  suggested  should  be  the  first  step  in  an  effort 
to  persuade  contributing  organizations  to  subordinate  self- advertising 
to  the  display  of  community  problems  and  resources.  A  simple 
grouping  might  comprise  committees  on  these  subjects: 

Health. 

Recreation. 

Education. 

Social  service. 

Approximately  one-quarter  of  the  floor  space  should  be  given  to 
each  subject  and  on  each  committee  should  be  placed  representatives 
of  all  the  organizations  entitled  to  be  considered  in  planning  a  com- 
munity program  on  that  subject. 

For  a  large  city  a  more  detailed  grouping  would  be  necessary,  ar- 
ranged in  accordance  with  the  needs  of  the  community  and  the  plans 
for  the  exhibit.  The  following  lists  of  committees,  from  the  Toledo 
and  Rochester  exhibits,  need  not  be  followed  in  detail,  but  will  sug- 
gest subjects  which  should  be  included : 

ROCHESTER  EXHIBITING  COMMITTEES. 

Health. 

Homes,  including  food,  clothing,  standard  of  living. 

Schools,  public  and  parochial. 


CHILD-WELFARE    EXHIBITS.  27 

Library. 

Settlements  and  clubs. 

Recreation. 

The  child  in  industry. 

Churches  and  Sunday  schools. 

Law  and  the  child. 

Philanthropy. 

TOLEDO  EXHIBIT  COMMITTEES. 

Health : 

Care  of  babies. 

The  child's  food. 

Child  hygiene. 

Children's  health  conference. 

Toledo  health  survey. 
Schools : 

Public. 

Parochial. 
Interests  and  ideals: 

Home  occupations. 

Home  surroundings. 

Boys'  and  girls'  interests. 

Sunday  schools. 

Toledo  recreation  survey. 
The  working  child. 
The  dependent  and  delinquent  child. 

When  an  exhibit  reaches  this  proportion,  however,  an  executive 
office  with  an  experienced  director  in  charge  becomes  no  longer  an 
advisability  but  a  necessity,  and  further  details  of  organization  must 
be  worked  out  in  accordance  with  local  conditions. 

FLOOR  PLANS. 

In  any  exhibit,  except  a  very  small  one,  the  problem  of  the  proper 
arrangement  of  space  is  an  important  one  and  becomes  increasingly 
complex  as  the  exhibit  grows  larger.  Arrangements  for  women's 
rest  rooms,  baby  rest  rooms,  toilets,  dressing  rooms  for  performers 
in  living  demonstrations,  lecture  rooms  for  stereopticon  and  motion 
pictures,  administration  office,  and  storage  place  for  apparatus  must 
all  be  considered  in  planning  the  exhibit,  even  if  some  of  these  con- 
veniences are  finally  decided  unnecessary.  Aside  from  these  arrange- 
ments a  careful  planning  of  the  exhibit  space  itself  will  greatly  add 
to  the  effectiveness  of  the  whole  exhibition  and  of  every  division  in  it. 
Several  points  should  be  considered  in  a  good  floor  plan. 

1.  The  observer  should  be  able  on  entering  to  gain  a  fairly  clear 
idea  of  the  extent  of  the  whole  exhibition  and  its  main  divisions. 


28  CHILD- WELFARE   EXHIBITS. 

This  is  usually  accomplished  by  devoting  the  center  of  the  hall  either 
to  a  central  court  (see  Frontispiece)  surrounded  by  columns  and  rail- 
ings and  reserved  for  large  living  demonstrations  or  to  low  exhibits, 
which  will  not  obstruct  the  view  of  the  entire  hall  from  the  entrance. 
Around  this  court  runs  a  wide  aisle  (12  to  20  feet),  and  beyond, 
next  to  the  walls,  come  the  various  exhibit  sections,  with  a  large  sign 
above  each,  visible  from  the  entrance  and  as  far  as  possible  from  all 
points  in  the  hall. 

2.  A  "one-way  exhibit,"  in  which  the  spectator  travels  a  path 
which  passes  all  exhibits  in  a  fixed  order,  is  undoubtedly  desirable 
when  it  can  be  attained.  An  exhibit  filled  with  crossing  aisles  with 
booths  on  each  side  is  confusing,  but  it  is  not  necessary  to  go  to  the 
other  extreme  and  compel  observers  to  travel  a  definite  and  intricate 
path  guarded  by  ropes.  A  clear  exhibit  arrangement,  such  as  that 
described  above,  with  a  rope  at  the  entrance  to  start  the  crowd  in  the 
right  direction,  will  answer  the  purpose.  If  an  exhibit  is  held  in 
several  connecting  rooms,  instead  of  in  one  main  hall,  every  effort 
should  be  made,  by  signs  and  arrows,  to  make  the  subject  matter  and 
the  distribution  of  the  entire  exhibition  clear  to  the  entering  visitor. 

3.  Long  walls  covered  with  wall  exhibits  and  facing  each  other  at 
a  distance  of  less  than  16  feet  are  very  ineffective.  Consequently  it 
is  unwise  to  divide  the  exhibit  into  a  large  number  of  narrow  booths, 
each  occupied  by  an  organization.  It  is  better  to  divide  it  into  large 
sections,  under  the  committee  groupings  suggested  above,  and  to  plan 
each  section  with  reference  to  variety  of  exhibits,  including  some  wall 
exhibits,  some  models,  and  perhaps  some  living  demonstrations. 
Shallow  booths  within  the  section  may  be  needed  for  living  demon- 
strations or  collections  of  models  and  materials. 

UNIT  CONSTRUCTION. 

For  rapid  and  efficient  work  and  harmonious  appearance  a  fixed 
unit  of  wall  space  is  essential,  and  variations  from  it  should  only  be 
allowed  for  good  cause  by  the  installation  committee.  The  exact  size 
of  this  unit  will  depend  upon  local  materials  available  for  wall  con- 
struction; 3  by  6  feet  or  3  by  5  feet  is  a  good  size  and  makes  a  sub- 
stantial looking  wall,  on  which  all  the  available  space  within  the 
range  of  easy  vision  is  utilized.  Many  traveling  exhibits  use  much 
smaller  units,  such  as  22  by  28  inch  cardboard.  These  are  convenient 
for  transportation,  but  are  ineffective  for  large  exhibits,  as  they 
break  the  wall  surface  into  too  many  divisions  and  interfere  with 
continuity  of  idea. 

Construction  of  traveling  exhibits. — In  many  large  exhibits  wall 
charts  are  planned  with  the  expectation  that  they  may  be  used  after- 
wards for  traveling  purposes.  It  is  therefore  worth  while  to  con- 
sider in  this  connection  the  forms  of  exhibit  construction  that  lend 


CHILD-WELFARE  EXHIBITS.  29 

themselves  to  inexpensive  transportation,  as  well  as  those  that  are 
more  solid  and  imposing.  Many  State  departments  or  State  organ- 
izations have  been  deterred  from  constructing  traveling  exhibits  be- 
cause of  the  supposed  cost  both  of  initial  construction  and  of  trans- 
portation. Large  sums  can  no  doubt  be  spent  to  advantage  on  State 
traveling  exhibits,  as  in  New  York,  where  the  State  board  of  health 
maintains  three  complete  traveling  exhibits  on  infant  welfare,  each 
in  charge  of  an  exhibit  manager,  a  nurse,  and  a  mechanic,  and  each 
covering  70  linear  feet  of  wall  space  and  containing,  in  addition,  the 
complete  equipment  of  an  infant-welfare  station.  But  States,  and 
even  counties,  have  prepared  exhibits  which  cost  little  to  construct 
and  which  are  easily  transported.  The  State  Board  of  Health  of 
Maine  uses  photographs  and  inscriptions  on  11  by  14  inch  cards 
mounted  on  long  strips  of  burlap.  The  county  health  officer  of 
Clinton  County,  Ind.,  constructs  very  inexpensive  exhibits  on  14  by 
22  inch  cards,  with  the  lettering  stamped  by  a  clerk  in  his  office.  In 
installing  this  exhibit,  strips  of  burlap  3  by  6  feet  in  size  are  hung  on 
the  walls  to  cover  irregularities  of  background,  and  the  cards  are 
fastened  to  this  by  small  clamps  with  pin  attachment.  These  ex- 
hibits are  circulated  through  the  rural  schools,  each  school  being  sup- 
plied with  a  strip  of  burlap,  on  which  the  exhibit  is  changed  from 
week  to  week. 

For  some  purposes  a  better  variation  of  this  plan  is  to  hang  cards 
one  above  the  other  with  a  narrower  card  at  the  top  for  the  title.  (See 
illustration  No.  14.)  The  measurements  here  selected  for  the  larger 
cards  (17  by  28  inches)  make  the  entire  panel  about  58  inches  high 
(thus  covering  all  available  wall  space  within  easy  reach  of  the  eye) , 
and  give  a  fairly  large  unit  for  a  single  subject.  The  5-inch  boards 
will  accommodate  a  3-inch  title;  the  17-inch  boards  are  well  suited 
to  one  or  two  photographs  each,  with  appropriate  inscriptions.  The 
measurements  of  larger  cards  should  be  determined  with  reference  to 
parcel-post'  requirements. 

This  panel  can  be  hung  either  on  the  stationary  framed  screens  or 
wall  units  of  more  expensive  exhibits,  or  on  burlap  walls,  or  even 
suspended  from  wires  or  ropes  attached  to  poles.  Cardboard  of  this 
size  can  easily  be  obtained  in  any  tint.  If  extreme  economy  is  de- 
sired, "  chip  board,"  a  card  of  finish  similar  to  manila  paper,  is  even 
cheaper  than  white  cardboard.  It  is,  however,  rather  too  absorbent 
for  fine  ink  work. 

Two  sheets  of  corrugated  strawboard,  pasted  together  with  the 
corrugations  running  in  opposite  directions,  makes  a  somewhat  more 
substantial  background,  but  one  which  is  light  and  inexpensive,  and 
to  which  papers  and  photographs  can  be  pasted  without  warping. 
Pieces  of  tape  glued  between  the  sheets  are  used  to  hang  one  back- 
ground from  another.    To  send  this  exhibit  by  parcel  post,  smaller 


30  CHILD-WELFAEE   EXHIBITS. 

units  are  required,  as  the  thickness  of  the  strawbcard  materially 
increases  the  bulk  of  the  package.  The  North  Carolina  State  Board 
of  Health  uses  a  wall  panel  composed  of  three  12  by  18  inch  boards 
of  this  type.  Its  total  height,  about  38  inches,  is  well  adapted  for 
use  against  school  blackboards.  This  board  also  plans  supplementary 
work  in  connection  with  the  use  of  these  exhibits,  such  as  essays 
from  the  children  on  what  they  have  learned,  or  on  conditions  in 
the  school  grounds  which  conform  or  do  not  conform  to  the  sanitary 
conditions  outlined  in  the  exhibit. 

Another  cheap  and  durable  form  of  traveling  exhibit,  used  by  the 
low^a  State  University,  can  be  made  on  holland  cloth  (window 
shades),  held  taut  by  light  rollers  at  top  and  bottom.  Each  roller 
is  split  lengthwise  into  halves  (the  method  used  in  mounting  maps), 
and  the  cloth  is  fastened  betw^een  them.  The  panel  is  hung  from  the 
wall  by  small  rings,  through  which  pass  loops  of  tape  the  ends  of 
which  are  secured  between  the  split  halves  of  the  top  roller. 

The  cloth  furnishes  a  large  surface  for  lettering,  drawing,  or 
painting,  but  can  net  be  used  satisfactorily  for  photographs,  which 
are  damaged  by  rolling.  The  photographs  can  be  mounted  separately 
on  cardboard  and  numbered  to  correspond  to  spaces  on  the  shade,  to 
which  they  can  be  attached  later  by  paper  fasteners. 

More  permanent  construction. — Undoubtedly  the  larger  framed 
panels  (size  about  3  by  5  feet),  made 'of  Upson  board,  beaver 
board,  or  some  of  the  many  varieties  of  building  board,  surrounded 
by  a  wooden  frame,  are  both  more  imposing  and  more  durable.  The 
exact  type  of  wall  board  to  be  secured  will  depend  upon  local  supply 
houses.  In  general,  boards  with  a  porous  surface  should  be  avoided, 
as  they  increase  the  cost  of  painting  and  pasting.  When  panels 
are  to  be  shown  for  a  long  time  in  one  place,  and  when  they  contain 
expensive  photographs,  cartoons,  and  lettering,  the  extra  cost  of  the 
heavier  background  (about  $1  to  $1.50  per  panel,  including  frame) 
is  well  worth  incurring. 

Many  States  and  national  organizations  have  found  this  type  of 
exhibit  background  worth  while,  even  for  traveling  exhibits,  in 
spite  of  the  much  heavier  cost  of  transportation.  The  State  depart- 
ments of  health  of  New  York  and  of  Indiana  have  different  styles 
in  exhibits  of  this  heavier  variety,  especially  designed  for  compact 
packing,  durability,  and  speed  in  installation  and  planned  for  set- 
ting up  without  attachments  either  to  floor  or  wall. 

The  method  used  by  the  New  York  State  traveling  exhibit,  in  which 
the  walls  are  formed  by  the  panels  set  up  on  detachable  legs,  is  well 
worth  considering,  even  for  large  permanent  exhibits  occurring  only 
once.  It  may  be  supplemented,  perhaps,  by  a  cheaper  type  of  con- 
struction along  the  main  walls  of  the  building  or  in  burlap  booths 


CHILD- WELFARE   EXHIBITS.  31 

designed  for  models  or  living  demonstrations.  Some  installation 
committees  will  find  it  cheaper  and  easier  to  construct  a  scaffolding 
with  ledges  on  both  sides  about  30  inches  from  the  ground.  The 
panels  rest  on  these  ledges  and  are  fastened  by  means  of  screw  eyes  in 
the  upper  frame  of  the  panel  attached  to  nails  driven  in  the  top  beam 
of  the  scaffolding. 

Whatever  type  of  wall  construction  is  used,  two  facts  should  be 
borne  in  mind :  First,  that  ease  in  handling  and  arrangement  demands 
that  on  many  occasions  the  w^all  panels  must  be  stacked  upon  each 
other,  and  that  therefore  hooks  or  other  projections  let  into  the  back 
of  the  frames  are  objectionable;  second,  that  immediately  before  and 
during  the  exhibit  many  rearrangements  of  panels  will  take  place, 
due  to  discoveries  regarding  lighting,  movements  of  crowds,  or  com- 
mittee preferences,  and  that  consequently  the  panels  should  be  fas- 
tened to  the  scaffolding  in  such  a  way  that  they  can  be  easily  trans- 
ferred from  one  position  to  another  by  unskilled  laborers  or 
committee  members.  The  plan  mentioned  above,  whereby  the  framed 
panels  rest  on  a  ledge  and  are  fastened  by  nails  driven  through 
screw  eyes  inserted  in  the  top  of  the  frame,  safeguards  both  these 
points,  especially  if  the  screw  eyes  are  all  placed  in  the  same  relative 
positions  on  the  frames,  so  that  nails  once  driven  will  be  available 
for  any  panel.  Unless  the  lower  ledge  is  wide,  it  may  need  a  raised 
piece  on  the  outer  edge. 

COLOR   SCHEME. 

For  the  sake  of  harmony  it  is  well  for  some  central  authority,  prob- 
ably the  installation  committee,  with  the  approval  of  the  executive 
committee,  to  fix  a  uniform  color  scheme  and  allow  variations  only 
for  good  cause.  Soft  grays  have  been  more  used  than  any  other 
color.  Soft,  dull  greens  and  blues  are  also  good.  Sometimes  the  let- 
tering is  done  directly  on  this  background — a  method  which  produces 
a  harmonious  appearance,  but  in  which  it  is  difficult  to  make  the 
slight  changes  demanded  in  most  exhibits.  Another  plan  is  to  do  the 
lettering  on  cards  or  heavy  paper,  tacking  or  preferably  pasting  this 
to  the  background,  in  well-planned  designs.  (See  illustrations  4  to 
9,  inclusive.)  This  method  makes  readjustments  possible  at  the  last 
moment  before  the  pasting  is  done,  and  is  frequently  less  expensive, 
as  the  lettering  on  cards  is  more  easily  handled.  On  the  other  hand, 
paper  is  injured  by  water  and  can  not  be  cleaned  as  easily  as  oil 
paint.  The  exhibit  of  the  Children's  Bureau  in  the  Panama-Pacific 
Exposition  used  a  natural  color  (cream)  Upson  board,  with  a  gray 
frame  and  with  gray  papers  lettered  in  black  and  white. 
3895°— 15 3 


32  CHILD- WELFARE  EXHIBITS. 

CONTROL  BY  EXECUTIVE  OFFICE. 

The  extent  to  which  details  can  be  controlled  by  the  executive  office 
will  depend  upon  the  paid  force  available.  The  central  committee 
should  at  least  prescribe  the  division  of  space,  size  of  wall  unit,  gen- 
eral color  scheme,  and  should  arrange  for  the  joint  purchase  of  all 
construction  materials.  Large  signs  and  signs  above  a  certain  height 
must  be  limited  by  the  central  committee,  which  should  also  send  out 
advice  regarding  styles  of  lettering,  photographs,  etc.  The  effective- 
ness of  the  exhibit  will  be  increased  materially  if  all  the  lettering 
and  mounting  can  be  handled  through  the  central  office.  This,  how- 
ever, necessitates  the  employment  of  an  exhibit  expert^  to  consult 
with  the  committees,  make  suggestions  on  arrangement  and  wording, 
cut  down  long,  verbose  statements,  which  are  both  ineffective  and 
expensive,  and  handle  all  arrangements  for  lettering,  enlarging  of 
photographs,  etc.  In  many  large  exhibits  the  expert  has  collected  the 
material  and  planned  the  panels  with  little  consultation  of  local  com- 
mittees. This  plan  usually  means  a  clear-cut,  attractive  presentation 
of  the  subject  matter,  but  sacrifices  the  local  discussion  and  the  work- 
ing out  of  a  statement  satisfactory  to  all  concerned,  upon  which  the 
final  results  of  an  exhibit  largely  depend.  A  compromise  between 
these  two  extremes  demands  tact  and  effort,  but  for  the  best  results  in 
any  community  both  elements  are  needed — a  careful  working  out,  by 
the  best  forces  in  the  community,  of  the  exact  program  for  which 
they  wish  public  cooperation;  and  a  clear,  concise,  attractive,  and 
striking  statement  of  that  program  in  exhibit  form  under  expert 
guidance. 

SUGGESTIONS  FOR  EXHIBITORS. 

The  chief  essential  of  a  successful  exhibit  is  variety.  No  matter 
how  small  the  exhibit,  the  various  ways  in  which  facts  may  be  pre- 
sented are  worth  careful  consideration.  An  exhibitor  or  exhibiting 
committee  should  first  ask,  "  "V\Tiat,  expressed  in  the  simplest,  clearest, 
briefest  manner,  is  the  exact  message  I  wish  to  give  the  public  ?  " 
AYhen  the  answer  to  this  question  is  clearly  formulated  the  best 
method  of  presentation  should  be  considered.  How  much  can  be 
shown  by  a  living  demonstration,  such  as  a  dental  clinic  or  food 
preparation?  What  can  be  shown  by  electrical  devices  or  models, 
either  illustrative  models,  which  are  copies  of  existing  objects,  such 
as  a  baby's  stomach,  a  good  dairy,  a  school  garden,  or  a  children's 

1  On  the  basis  of  past  exhibitions,  at  least  one  person  should  be  employed  in  the  execu- 
tive office  for  eight  weeks  for  every  $1,000  to  $1,500  to  be  expended  from  the  central 
fund.  Even  smaller  exhibits  will  benefit  by  a  week's  consultation  with  an  expert.  Child- 
welfare  exhibits  of  sufficient  size  and  importance  to  stir  cities  from  100,000  to  400,000 
have  been  held  at  a  cost  of  $3,000  to  $8,000,  including  at  least  one  paid  expert  and  local 
office  assistance.  The  contribution  of  much  time  and  material  and  many  exhibits  is 
usually  necessary  in  addition  to  this  central  fund. 


CHILD-WELFABE  EXBlIBITS.  33 

institution,  or  diagrammatic  and  symbolic  models  used  to  present 
abstract  facts  in  graphic  form,  such  as  pasteboard  cubes  to  represent 
the  different  expenditures  of  the  city  departments,  or  the  "  one  in 
seven  "  model,  in  which  every  seventh  baby  is  replaced  by  a  coffin, 
to  show  the  death  rate?  What  facts  can  be  shown  only  by  photo- 
graphs, cartoons,  charts,  and  statements?  Each  of  these  main  types 
of  exhibit  method — wall  exhibits,  models,  and  living  demonstra- 
tions— will  be  considered  separately. 

WALL  EXHIBITS. 

Under  this  head  are  comprised  all  flat  exhibits,  such  as  printed 
signs,  charts,  diagrams,  and  illustrations.  This  exhibit  material  is 
the  least  striking  of  all,  and  yet  a  small  amount  of  it  is  always  neces- 
sary. The  best  living  demonstration  or  model  needs  explanatory 
signs,  and  many  facts  can  be  presented  only  by  graphic  charts  or 
statements.  Precisely  because  of  the  difficulties  in  making  this  type 
of  material  effective,  special  care  is  needed,  and  if  possible  the  ad- 
vice of  an  exhibit  or  advertising  expert,  to  make  the  wall  exhibits 
striking  and  varied. 

The  size  of  the  wall  unit  has  already  been  discussed.  This  unit 
should  be  treated  by  the  exhibitor  not  as  a  background  for  a  miscel- 
laneous collection  of  photographs  and  aphorisms,  but  as  a  single 
illustrated  statement  on  one  subject.  Wording  and  grouping  of  pho- 
tographs should  be  carefully  planned,  so  that  the  most  important 
matters  stand  out  most  clearly  and  the  rest  of  the  material  is  prop- 
erly related.  Probably  no  part  of  exhibit  technique  is  as  difficult  as 
this,  but  the  time  spent  is  well  worth  while  if  the  exhibit  is  to  give  a 
true  impression.  Friends  totally  ignorant  of  the  subject  matter 
should  be  consulted  in  order  to  see  what  impression  the  exhibit  will 
produce  on  the  casual  visitor.^ 

Special  care  must  be  taken  with  statistical  charts  in  order  that 
they  may  be  accurate,  clear,  interesting,  and  not  misleading.^  If 
maps  are  used,  an  outline  map,  on  which  a  few  things  are  filled  in 
with  color  or  strong  shading,  is  much  better  than  the  usual  city  or 
State  map,  which  is  full  of  irrelevant  detail.  A  common  error  on 
maps  and  diagrams  is  to  use  different  colors  to  designate  various  de- 
grees of  the  same  condition,  such  as  the  infant  death  rate.  •  Different 
shadings  of  the  same  color,  or  of  black  and  white,  are  far  less  con- 
fusing wherever  differences  of  degree  but  not  of  kind  are  to  be 
shown.    Colors  may,  however,  be  quite  arbitrarily  chosen  to  represent 

1  See  Twelve  Good  Screens  and  Why  They  Are  Good,  National  Child-Welfare  Exhibit 
Association,  30  East  Forty-second  Street,  New  York  City. 

2  This  subject  has  been  exhaustively  treated  in  Graphic  Methods  for  Presenting  Facts, 
372  pp.     Willard  C.  Brinton,  Engineering  Magazine  Co.,  New  York  City. 


34  CHILD-WELFARE   EXHIBITS. 

different  kinds  of  things,  as  different  trades,  different  causes  of 
death,  or  different  city  departments. 

Lettering". — Plain,  upright  letters,  varying  from  three- fourths 
inch  in  height — or  even  smaller  for  footnotes,  etc. — to  2  or  3  inches 
for  special  display,  are  the  best.  The  sloping  italics,  favored  by 
sign  writers  for  reasons  of  speed,  are  especially  hard  to  read;  and, 
contrary  to  the  general  opinion,  red  letters,  especially  the  cheap 
orange  red  used  by  many  sign  painters,  which  produces  a  glare  of 
red  and  green  shadows  and  obscures  the  lettering,  are  not  effective. 
A  color  variation  for  important  words  or  to  lend  variety,  however,  is 
desirable  when  used  in  moderation.  Some  gray  backgrounds  will 
take  both  white  and  black  letters.  Light  backgrounds  will  take 
black  and  some  other  good  color. 

Pasted  or  stamped  letters  will  prove  less  expensive  than  sign  let- 
tering if  careful  volunteers  can  be  found  to  use  them.  Paper  letters 
in  different  colors  and  sizes  with  gummed  backs  are  obtainable.  In 
using  these  the  signs  should  be  designed  by  a  person  with  a  sense 
of  artistic  balance  and  then  pasted  or  stamped  with  great  care. 
One  designer  can  keep  sevei'al  pasters  bus}^  If  any  of  the  workers 
are  paid,  the  final  cost  will  be  little,  if  any,  cheaper  than  sign  let- 
tering; but  the  method  is  useful  for  committees  of  volunteers  or  in 
towns  where  good  sign  lettering  is  hard  to  secure.  Pasted  letters 
are  clearer  and  more  effective  than  stamped  letters,  but  they  are 
more  expensive  and  tend  to  peel  off  if  used  in  traveling  exhibits. 
Stamped  letters  will  rub  unless  the  very  best  grade  of  ink,  made 
especially  for  stamping,  is  used.  With  both  these  forms  of  letter- 
ing variety  in  size  and  style  of  type  should  be  introduced. 

Photographs  and  illustrations. — One  large  photograph  showing 
significant  detail  is  worth  several  small  ones  chosen  in  an  attempt  to 
give  an  exhaustive  presentation.  Photographs  11  by  14  inches  in  size, 
or  even  larger,  are  desirable;  smaller  photographs  are  allowable 
where  there  is  little  detail.  A  flat  finish  is  best,  as  it  does  not  reflect 
light  and  will  take  paint  if  it  is  desired  to  color  any  of  the  photo- 
graphs. Abstract  ideas  can  frequently  be  presented  by  cartoons 
(see  illustration  No.  4),  which  are  expensive  to  buy  but  may  often  be 
contributed. 

Many  attractive  variations  can43e  introduced  in  the  use  of  illustra- 
tive material.  The  activities  of  a  vacation  school  in  Toledo,  of  which 
no  photographs  had  been  taken,  were  shown  by  children's  paper  cut- 
tings made  from  memory  and  showing  what  they  had  done  the 
previous  summer.  These  were  attractively  mounted  and  used  exactly 
as  photographs  would  have  been.  In  pedigree  charts,  used  to  show 
the  results  of  a  bad  inheritance,  figures  cut  from  magazines  and 
fashion  books  can  be  used  in  place  of  the  uninteresting  dots,  each 


CHILD- WELFARE   EXHIBITS.  35 

figure  being  tinted  to  represent  the  idea  conveyed  and  surrounded  by 
a  circle  of  appropriate  color. 

Devices  which  call  forth  the  activity  of  the  spectator  are  especially 
good.  Thus  a  revolving  wheel  set  in  a  wall  panel  and  appropriately 
lettered  may  be  used  to  illustrate  an  endless  sequence,  such  as  "  Child 
Labor,  Unskilled  Labor,  Low  Wages,  Poverty,  Child  Labor,"  or 
"  Parenthood,  Infancy,  Childhood,  Youth,  Parenthood."  The  wheel 
may  be  partly  hidden  so  that  the  spectator  has  to  turn  it  to  find  out 
what  comes  next,  while  inscriptions  above  and  below  the  wheel  indi- 
cate in  the  first  instance  the  viciousness  of  the  circle  and  the  need  for 
breaking  it  at  some  point  and  in  the  second  instance  the  fact  that 
good  health  at  any  stage  is  a  requisite  for  good  health  throughout 
the  sequence.  In  the  exhibit  of  the  United  States  Public  Health 
Service  is  a  simple  but  clever  device  bearing  the  legend :  "  Turn  this 
valve  till  the  hand  points  to  the  name  of  your  State ;  the  man  on  the 
tower  will  then  point  to  your  State's  typhoid  death  rate."  Many 
community  child-welfare  exhibits  have  near  the  exit  a  placard  with 
the  question,  "  Who  is  to  blame  for  the  conditions  here  shown  ?  "  and 
the  string  which  the  spectator  is  directed  to  pull  "  to  find  out "  dis- 
closes a  mirror  in  which  he  views  himself.  Mouth  hygiene  exhibits 
sometimes  use  a  small  mirror  set  in  a  widely  smiling  mouth,  with 
directions  to  "  look  at  your  teeth." 

Silhouettes  add  variety  to  wall  exhibits  and  were  used  with  good 
effect  in  the  New  York  City  building  in  the  Panama-Pacific  Exposi- 
tion. Diagrams  and  figures  were  painted  on  cardboard  or  thin 
three-ply  wood,  then  cut  out  and  placed  in  position  on  the  wall  panel. 
A  very  effective  silhouette  was  used  by  the  fire  department  to  illus- 
trate the  different  heights  to  which  water  is  sent  by  varying  pres- 
sures. The  tall  skyscraper,  the  fire  engine,  and  three  different  jets  of 
water  were  all  cut  from  a  three-ply  wood  surface  and  raised  3  inches 
from  a  background  which  showed  the  distant  clouds.  In  the  3-inch 
space  thus  formed  was  inserted  a  thin,  red  electric-light  bulb,  which 
flashed  and  faded,  sending  a  fiery  glow  over  the  clouds  and  around 
the  edges  of  the  building.  Simpler  silhouettes  may  be  made  of  paper 
in  different  colors.  A  photograph  can  often  be  made  more  effective 
by  cutting  out  all  the  background  and  letting  the  central  figures  stand 
in  relief  as  in  a  silhouette. 

Transparencies. — Transparencies  may  be  used  either  separately  or 
as  part  of  a  wall  design  into  which  they  are  fitted;  but  good  trans- 
parencies are  often  spoiled  by  poor  lighting.  The  most  effective 
lighting  in  the  Panama-Pacific  Exposition  was  that  of  the  United 
States  Forest  Service,  which  utilized  the  space  in  front  of  large 
windows,  framing  the  transparencies  in  a  continuous  black  screen 
which  shut  out  all  light  for  a  height  of  10  feet  except  that  coming 
through  the  transparencies.     Wliere  natural  lighting  can  not  be  ob- 


36  CHILD- WELFARE  EXHIBITS. 

tained  the  transparencies  should  be  placed  on  a  dimly  lighted  wall, 
as  the  strongest  electric  light  will  not  compete  with  direct  daylight. 
If  this  rule  is  followed  excessively  strong  lights,  which  tend  to  make 
a  glare  in  spots,  will  not  be  needed ;  a  box  with  a  white  painted  inner 
surface  on  which  a  light  is  indirectly  thrown  will  be  sufficient. 
Transparencies  can  be  effectively  used  in  unexpected  places,  set  into  a 
large  tree  stump  or  an  imitation  bale  of  cotton.  A  peculiarly  beauti- 
ful effect  can  be  obtained  with  landscapes  by  placing  lights  of  differ- 
ent colors  behind  them,  one  flashing  on  as  the  other  fades.  The 
spectator  spends  some  time  deciding  whether  there  is  a  real  change 
of  scene. 

THREE-DIMENSION  EXHIBITS. 

Under  this  head  come  all  exhibits  which  occupy  floor  space  or 
table  space,  including  collections  of  materials  and  objects,  models 
of  various  kinds,  and  electrical  devices.  Most  of  the  exhibits  men- 
tioned under  the  head  of  infant-welfare  exhibits  and  exhibits  on 
children's  interests  are  collections  of  materials,  such  as  baby  clothes, 
foodstuffs,  and  toys  made  by  children.  These  are  effective  exhibits, 
usually  calling  forth  much  local  interest  and  cooperation,  and  most 
of  the  materials  can  be  borrowed  for  short-time  local  exhibits.  Other 
exhibits  of  this  type  are : 

The  homes  of  Mrs.  Do  Care  and  Mrs.  Don't  Care.  This  shows  both 
a  good  and  bad  kitchen  and  bedroom.  The  material  for  the  good 
rooms  is  borrowed  from  the  stores  or  the  homes  of  the  committee; 
that  for  the  bad  rooms  from  the  local  relief  societies  or  the  attics 
of  committee  members. 

A  hospital  room  for  a  child  showing  all  equipment.  Used  to 
present  the  need  for  more  hospital  accommodations. 

Equipment  for  a  dental  clinic.  This  may  or  may  not  be  used  as 
the  background  for  a  living  exhibit  consisting  of  a  free  dental  ex- 
amination for  children. 

A  child's  library,  perhaps  shown  as  part  of  a  small  children's  room 
in  the  public  library,  with  an  attendant  who  allows  children  to  read 
the  books. 

Models. — Scale  models,  or  models  which  are  reproductions  made  to 
scale  of  existing  or  proposed  structures,  are  very  expensive  and 
usually  unnecessary  in  a  child- welfare  exhibit.  Illustrative  models 
in  which  exact  dimensions  are  not  followed,  but  an  effort  is  made 
to  make  a  graphic  presentation  of  an  idea,  may  often  be  constructed 
by  manual  training  classes  or  kindergartens.  The  old  Moravian 
"putz,"  which  still  survives  in  the  Christmas  celebrations  of  some 
families,  is  a  model  of  this  type  and  can  be  made  by  any  clever  boy. 
It  will  be  useful  for  Sunday-school  exhibits,  and  a  detailed  descrip- 
tion of  its  primitive  but  effective  construction  may  furnish  sugges- 


CHILD-WELFAKE   EXHIBITS.  37 

tions  for  other  models.  A  large  rough  table  (4  by  6  feet)  set  in  a 
corner  is  used  as  the  foundation  on  which,  by  the  use  of  excelsior, 
covered  with  moss  and  fir  branches,  a  representation  of  a  hilly 
landscape  is  constructed.  Footpaths  and  a  distant  desert,  across 
which  the  wise  men  are  seen  coming,  are  made  of  sand  and  gravel. 
A  lake  is  made  with  a  large  tin  pan  lined  with  stones  and  overhung 
with  moss  to  conceal  the  edges.  Figures  are  found  by  diligent  search 
through  toyshops  and  5  and  10  cent  stores.  A  cave-like  stable  is 
made  of  a  pacldng  box  about  a  foot  square,  with  a  large  entrance  cut 
at  one  end,  through  which  the  figures  in  the  stable  are  visible;  the 
lines  of  the  box  are  covered  with  moss  and  hidden  by  trees.  Among 
the  highest  fir  boughs  is  half  concealed  a  star,  cut  from  tissue  paper 
and  set  in  cardboard,  covering  an  electric  bulb  which  can  be  turned 
on  from  a  near-by  switch.  A  model  of  this  type  is  necessarily  frail 
and  must  be  constructed  in  position,  but  it  will  last  for  a  week's 
exhibit.  Much  more  durable  models  haye  been  made  by  school 
classes  by  the  use  of  various  materials,  such  as  wood,  cement,  clay, 
plasticine,  or  pasteboard.  A  good  flooring  for  a  model  which  is 
to  show  an  open  yard  is  made  of  rough  boards  set  several  inches 
apart  and  covered  with  a  fine-meshed  wire  netting,  over  which  is 
poured  thin  cement.  The  wire  provides  an  elastic  foundation  which 
keeps  the  cement  from  cracking.  The  cement  may  represent  paths 
or  grounds  around  whatever  building  is  to  be  shown.  Grass  is  made 
by  dyed  sawdust  dropped  on  with  glue  or  by  roughened  felt  glued 
to  the  cement.  The  building  on  such  a  foundation  may  be  made  of 
thin  wood  or  of  cardboard  with  windows  and  doors  painted  in. 
Smaller  models  may  be  made  of  clay  built  up  on  a  wooden  board. 
Streams  and  rivers  are  then  painted  directly  on  the  board. 

Among  the  models  which  have  been  prepared  for  child- welfare  ex- 
hibits b.y  volunteer  work  are : 

A  good  and  a  bad  dairy.  This  model  was  made  chiefly  of  wood  and 
cement,  with  cows  from  a  toyshop  and  milk  pails  manufactured  out 
of  old  tin  cans.  (See  illustration  No.  10.)  Obviously  not  all  the 
features  of  a  dairy  could  be  reproduced,  but  the  main  idea  of  care 
and  cleanliness  versus  dirt  and  carelessness  was  effectively  carried 
out.  Eotted  fence  boards  were  eagerly  hunted  by  the  boys  for  use 
in  the  bad  barn,  and  the  ingenuity  displayed  in  collecting  materials 
showed  a  vivid  interest  on  the  part  of  all  the  class. 

Model  showing  the  spread  of  typhoid,  made  by  the  Pasadena  High 
School  girls'  class  in  sanitation.  This  was  a  landscape  made  of 
clay  on  a  wooden  floor,  with  streams  painted  blue,  and  tiny  houses 
bought  at  a  toy  store.  An  inscription  showed  that  the  typhoid 
started  at  house  A  near  a  stream;  that  the  discharges  from  the 
patient  were  thrown  into  the  stream;  and  that  in  a  little  village 
shown  farther  down  the  stream  half  the  houses  had  typhoid.    These 


38  CHILD- WELFARE  EXHIBITS. 

were  the  houses  that  drew  water  from  the  stream.  The  remaining 
houses,  situated  between  house  A  and  the  rest  of  the  village,  did 
not  contain  any  cases  of  typhoid,  although  they  were  nearer  the 
source  of  infection.  They  drew  their  water  from  an  uninfected 
well  (shown  in  the  foreground)  by  a  test  tube  which  pierced  the 
floor  of  the  model  and  was  seen  against  painted  strata  of  sand  below. 

Model-  showing  school  playgrounds.  This  was  a  contrast  model 
showing  how  the  grounds  around  one  school  allowed  plenty  of  space 
per  child,  while  the  grounds  around  another  school  were  so  small 
that  all  the  children  could  not  find  standing  room.  The  grounds 
were  made  of  cement,  sand,  and  sawdust,  as  described  above,  the 
buildings  and  railings  of  wood,  while  the  children  were  represented 
by  penny  dolls.  These  dolls  fixed  the  scale  on  which  the  entire 
model  was  constructed,  so  that  their  positions  in  the  school  yard 
gave  an  accurate  picture  of  the  open  or  crowded  condition  of  the 
grounds. 

Beans  of  different  colors  are  often  used  to  represent  percentages. 
For  instance,  the  number  of  deaths  among  every  100  babies  during 
the  first  year  has  been  shown  by  black  beans  mixed  in  a  jar  of  white 
ones.  This  is  in  some  ways  a  dangerous  device,  as  an  incomplete 
mixing  may  give  a  wrong  impression  which  should  always  be 
guarded  against  by  an  explanatory  sign  giving  the  exact  figures. 
In  addition  to  this  safeguard,  it  may  prove  better  to  arrange  the 
beans  in  a  very  thin  bottle,  or  in  a  shallow  dish,  where  they  can  all 
be  seen  at  once.  In  the  Seattle  child-welfare  exhibit,  beans  of  dif- 
ferent colors  in  a  large  shallow  box  were  effectively  used  to  show 
the  numbers  of  people  of  different  nationalities  in  the  city.  A 
placard  above  the  box  gave  the  exact  numbers,  but  could  not  have 
given  as  graphic  a  presentation  of  the  mixed  character  of  the  city's 
population  as  was  given  by  the  bean  table.  A  similar  use  may  be 
made  of  other  objects  than  beans  to  illustrate  figures  which  would 
otherwise  have  to  be  shown  by  a  wall  chart.  Thus,  the  amounts  per 
capita  spent  by  different  cities  for  health,  or  recreation,  or  educa- 
tion, can  be  shown  by  little  heaps  of  coin,  inside  a  glass  case;  this 
seldom  fails  to  arouse  interest. 

A  clever  combination  of  photograph  and  model,  which  attracted 
attention  because  of  its  unusualness,  was  shown  in  the  New  York 
City  building  at  the  Panama-Pacific  Exposition.  An  upright  board 
about  2  feet  high  ran  along  the  rear  of  the  table,  and  on  it  was 
mounted  a  large  photograph  showing  the  sky  line  of  New  York, 
beginning  at  the  water's  edge.  On  the  surface  of  the  table  was 
pasted  a  photograph  giving  a  much  foreshortened  view  of  a  sur- 
face of  water ;  this  appeared  to  be  continuous  with  the  rear  picture, 
and  represented  the  Hudson  River.  A  model  of  a  municipal  recrea- 
tion pier,  made  of  painted  wood,  was  placed  directly  on  the  table. 


CHILI>-WELFARE   EXHIBITS.  39 

The  contrast  between  two  styles  of  presentation,  usually  kept  sepa- 
rate, that  of  the  photographer  and  that  of  the  model  maker,  made 
the  exhibit  effective  and  attracted  notice.  A  similar  combination 
of  the  method  of  the  model  and  that  of  the  chart  can  be  made  by 
placing  a  map  flat  on  a  table  and  using  colored  upright  poles  in 
place  of  the  bar  diagrams  which  would  be  used  on  a  wall.  In 
many  cases  the  effect  thus  produced  is  truer  to  actual  conditions,  as 
when  graduated  poles,  placed  in  a  map  of  New  York  City,  are  used 
to  illustrate  heights  of  buildings  in  different  sections  of  town. 
Varying  death  rates  in  different  parts  of  town  can  also  be  studied 
better  in  a  model  of  this  kind  than  in  a  diagram,  as  the  relative 
position  of  various  areas  can  be  discerned  at  a  glance. 

Moving  models  and  electrical  devices. — There  are  many  movmg 
models  and  electrical  devices  which,  while  expensive  for  the  small- 
town exhibit,  are  well  worth  the  consideration  of  any  organization 
planning  a  traveling  exhibit.  One  of  these  is  the  automatic  stere- 
opticon,  of  which  there  are  several  types,  all  operating  in  daylight. 

Typical  models  are: 

The  Fly's  Air  Line,  used  by  boards  of  health  and  showing  a  swarm 
of  flies  traveling  from  stable  manure  to  an  open  privy  and  then  to 
the  family  table. 

Part-time  Schools,  a  model  owned  by  the  Massachusetts  State  De- 
partment of  Education,  showing  two  sets  of  children  changing 
places  in  a  school  and  a  factory  as  a  band  of  light  passes  from  week 
to  week  of  a  calendar. 

The  Path  of  Life,  owned  by  the  New  York  State  Department  of 
Health,  showing  a  series  of  moving  belts  upon  which  dolls,  repre- 
senting people  of  different  ages,  move  from  birth  to  death  according 
to  the  ratio  shown  by  mortality  tables. 

The  waste  of  preventable  disease,  shown  by  a  model  owned  by  the 
Public  Health  Service,  in  which  a  long  ribbon  covered  with  coins 
passes  continuously  out  of  the  pocket  of  a  tall  Uncle  Sam  into  the 
mouth  of  a  crocodile  appropriately  labeled. 

Models  of  this  kind  should  be  prepared  by  experienced  model 
makers;  those  made  by  amateurs  are  usually  unsatisfactory.  There 
are,  however,  a  few  simple  electrical  devices,  by  the  use  of  which  local 
electricians,  and  in  some  cases  local  committee  members,  can  add 
effectiveness  to  an  exhibit.  Frequently  a  theatrical  electrician  can 
be  secured  who  is  especially  skilled  in  work  of  this  type. 

The  skedoodle  plug  is  an  inexpensive  attachment  (about  50  cents, 
ordered  through  any  electrical  supply  house)  which  can  be  attached 
to  an  electric-light  socket  and  adjusted  so  that  the  light  will  go  on 
and  off  at  fairly  regular  intervals.  The  uses  of  this  plug  are  many. 
It  may  be  timed  for  a  10-second  interval,  and  hidden  behind  a  glass 
or  tissue  paper  star  bearing  the  inscription :  "  Every  time  this  star 


40  CHILD-WELFARE   EXHIBITS. 

fades,  somewhere  in  Europe  or  the  United  States  a  baby  under  1 
year  dies;  1  every  10  seconds,  6  every  minute,  360  every  hour.  Half 
of  these  deaths  are  preventable."  The  figures  in  the  inscription  are 
quite  necessary  to  correct  the  occasional  moments  when  the  star  will 
be  out  of  order.  A  skedoodle  plug  may  also  be  used  instead  of  a 
stationary  light  behind  a  transparency.  It  may  be  used  behind  a 
combination  of  ground  glass  and  paper  arranged  in  such  a  way  that 
part  of  an  inscription  will  be  visible  at  all  times  and  part  only  when 
the  light  comes  on.  Questions  and  answers,  maps  across  the  face  of 
which  some  comment  is  written  concerning  laws  or  conditions,  are 
types  of  this  use.  Careful  testing  is  necessary  to  secure  materials 
which  will  be  opaque  to  light  and  yet  will  not  show  through  the 
ground  glass  when  the  light  is  off.  White  letters  of  heavy  opaque 
paper  pasted  upon  a  background  of  translucent  white  paper  may  be 
used.  A  skeedoodle  plug  may  also  be  used  inside  an  opaque  "  sooth- 
ing-sirup "  bottle,  bearing  on  a  thin,  translucent  label  the  inscrip- 
tion :  "  Dr.  Killem's  Soothing  Sirup  Quiets  Babies."  When  the  light 
inside  the  bottle  comes  on  it  makes  visible  the  word  "  Poison !  "  cut 
from  black  opaque  paper.  To  get  the  best  results  the  first  inscrip- 
tion should  be  painted  in  light  transparent  colors,  so  that  it  fades 
out  completely. 

Flashers  are  devices  by  which  one  circuit  of  electric  lights  can  be 
exchanged  for  another.  The  larger  type  with  a  sequence  of  several 
circuits  is  operated  by  motor  and  is  rather  expensive,  but  a  single 
alternation  of  lights  can  be  made  by  simple  flashers  (about  $1  at  an 
electrical  supply  house)  operated  by  heat  contact.  Many  uses  can 
be  made  of  a  flasher  of  this  kind  in  illuminating  first  one  inscription, 
then  another.  The  most  effective  use  is  perhaps  the  well-known 
"illusion"  in  which  one  picture  or  model  is  mysteriously  replaced 
by  another.  This  can  be  used  to  change  a  bad  room  into  a  good  one, 
or  to  show  a  dirty  beggar  at  a  drinking  fountain  followed  by  a 
mother  and  child.  In  a  library  exhibit  an  illusion  was  used  to  illus- 
trate the  statement,  "  The  child  sees — right  through  the  pages  of  the 
book — the  world  of  which  he  reads."  In  this  case  the  book  page 
faded  out  and  disclosed  a  scene  or  a  globe.  Illustration  No.  15  shows 
the  construction  of  an  "  illusion." 

Simple  motors  with  appropriate  gears  attached  can  be  used  to  run 
revolving  or  oscillating  signs  and  turntables  bearing  models.  A 
moving  panorama  made  for  the  exhibit  of  the  Children's  Bureau  at 
the  Panama-Pacific  Exposition  was  entitled  "  Our  Thirty  Million 
Children,"  and  consisted  of  a  chart  showing  for  successive  ages  the 
proportion  of  children  dying,  going  to  school,  or  at  work.  A  narrow, 
continuous  ribbon  bearing  a  motto  sometimes  is  made  to  run  around 
the  top  of  a  booth.    A  motor  may  be  made  to  operate  a  turntable,  not 


CHILD- WELFAKE   EXHIBITS.  41 

continuously  but  by  definitely  timed  movements,  so  that  an  inscrip- 
tion or  a  picture  appears  for  a  given  length  of  time  and  then  passes 
quickly  out  of  sight,  to  be  succeeded  by  another.  This  is  done  by 
causing  a  wheel  to  revolve  on  which  a  projection  strikes  another  pro- 
jection on  the  revolving  sign.  The  effect  is  particularly  good  if  the 
turntable  bearing  the  four  or  five  sided  frame  containing  signs  or 
pictures  is  hidden  in  a  case  of  which  only  one  side  is  open,  so  that 
only  one  sign  can  be  seen  at  a  time.  In  all  experimenting  with 
motors  the  very  best  electrical  skill  is  needed;  it  is  not  cheap  work, 
except  for  organizations  which  have  an  electrician  at  their  command. 

Two  or  three  other  specific  uses  of  electrical  devices  may  be  men- 
tioned. 

"  A  Day  in  Baby's  Life  "  may  be  illustrated  by  a  large  clock  (first 
used  at  the  Pittsburgh  Baby  Week)  around  which  the  hands  travel 
rapidly.  As  they  pass  different  hours  they  form  contacts  which 
illuminate  different  inscriptions  or  pictures  illustrating  the  activities 
of  the  baby  at  prescribed  hours,  such  as  nursing  at  regular  intervals, 
being  dressed  and  bathed,  and  sleeping. 

"What  to  Do"  is  the  title  of  a  large  electric  wall  chart  used  in 
the  philanthropy  section  of  several  child-welfare  exhibits.  The 
spectator  is  instructed  to  "press  the  button  to  find  out"  where  to 
go  "  if  you  want  to  adopt  a  baby,"  "  if  you  know  a  case  of  cruelty  to 
children,"  "  if  a  poor  family  applies  to  you  for  aid,"  etc.  Opposite 
each  question  is  a  push  button  which  is  connected  with  an  electric 
light  behind  a  transparency,  on  which  is  inscribed  the  name  of  the 
organization  to  be  consulted. 

Magic  mirrors,  often  used  for  commercial  advertising,  can  be 
adapted  for  use  in  educational  exhibits.  A  clear-cut  picture,  de- 
sign, or  inscription,  made  on  translucent  or  transparent  material 
such  as  paper,  celluloid,  or  ground  glass,  is  placed  directly  behind 
a  "  double  mirror "  made  of  two  pieces  of  glass  with  thin  "  silver- 
ing" between  them.  The  mirror,  with  the  inscription  behind  it,  is 
then  fastened  into  the  front  of  a  shallow  box  containing  lights. 
When  the  light  is  off  the  darkness  of  the  box,  reenforcing  the  thin 
silvering,  makes  a  good  mirror;  as  soon  as  the  ligbt  is  turned  on, 
the  hidden  inscription  or  design  appears  upon  the  mirror's  face. 
This  device  can  be  used  with  a  skedoodle  plug  if  only  a  single  design 
is  to  be  shown.  More  complicated  mirrors  show  different  signs,  one 
after  the  other,  on  different  portions  of  their  face  and  involve  the 
use  of  a  flasher  and  opaque  partitions  between  the  various  lights. 

Occasionally  exhibits  occur  in  which  a  moving  model  can  be 
effectively  and  simply  made  without  the  use  of  electricity  or  any 
complicated  mechanism.  A  good  example  of  this  is  a  model  used 
by  the  United  States  Forest  Service  to  illustrate  the  value  of  forests 


42  CHILD-WELFARE  EXHIBITS. 

in  preventing  erosion  of  soil.  At  the  two  rear  corners  of  a  model 
about  6  feet  square  light  showers  of  water  fall  from  faucets.  On 
one  side  the  water  is  received  by  a  fir  forest ;  it  trickles  through  the 
branches  and  emerges  as  a  clear  stream  flowing  through  a  clear  lake 
into  a  drainpipe  at  the  front  of  the  model.  On  the  other  side  the 
water  strikes  a  bare  hillside  and  is  speedily  converted  into  a  muddy 
stream  which  wears  away  the  hill,  converts  a  lake  into  an  overflow- 
ing marsh,  and  spoils  the  surrounding  landscape.  On  both  sides 
of  the  model  the  water  actually  completes  these  operations  without 
interference,  and  thus  gives  an  effective  object  lesson. 

LIVING  EXHIBITS. 

A  short  investigating  tour  taken  on  five  separate  occasions  through 
four  of  the  exhibit  palaces  of  the  Panama-Pacific  Exposition  showed 
that  of  25  exhibits  attracting  the  attention  of  more  than  10  persons 
all  but  one  depended  for  their  interest  upon  the  constant  activity  of 
human  beings.  A  flour  exhibit,  in  which  women  dressed  in  national 
costumes  made  the  breads  of  various  nations;  a  cigar  exhibit,  in 
which  girls  manufactured  cigars ;  exhibits  in  which  girls  gave  away 
food  samples ;  a  telephone  exhibit,  with  a  man  talking  to  New  York ; 
a  five-scene  illusion,  showing  the  progress  of  typewriting;  a  woman 
who  revolved,  apparently  in  mid-air,  with  her  feet  executing  dance 
steps  above  her  head ;  these  were  the  features  on  which  the  successful 
commercial  exhibitors  relied  to  draw  crowds.  Among  the  educa- 
tional exhibits  the  Children's  Bureau  grouped  its  exhibits  around 
a  children's  health  conference,  with  an  examination  of  children,  and 
also  carried  on  demonstrations  of  home  play  and  the  preparation  of 
food ;  the  Bureau  of  Mines  conducted  a  mimic  mine  explosion  daily, 
and  administered  first  aid;  the  Eace-Betterment  Exhibit  supplied 
free  vibrating  chairs,  in  which  the  tired  public,  comfortably  reclining, 
unconsciously  became  volunteer  demonstrators. 

Other  things  being  equal,  the  interest  taken  by  any  city  in  a  child- 
welfare  exhibit  is  probably  in  direct  ratio  to  the  number  of  volunteer 
attendants  and  performers.  The  human  element  in  an  exhibit  may 
be  of  three  kinds : 

Explainers  and  guides. 

Expert  demonstrators  and  lecturers. 

Performers  in  entertainments  and  living  exhibits. 

Explainers. — The  organization  of  explainers  has  been  mentioned 
under  the  head  of  committee  organization.  That  an  exhibit  "  ex- 
plains itself"  to  the  exhibitor  is  no  reason  for  dispensing  with  ex- 
plainers. As  hostesses  and  demonstrators  they  draw  the  public  into 
the  exhibit  and  help  to  drive  home  important  points.  A  spectator 
remembers  the  things  which  he  discusses.  Realization  of  this  fact 
led,  in  the  Springfield  exhibit,  to  the  reserving  of  a  space  near  the 


CHILD- WELFARE   EXHIBITS.  43 

exit,  where  discussion  concerning  both  the  exhibit  as  a  whole  and  any 
questions  raised  by  it  was  constantly  carried  on  under  expert  guid- 
ance. 

These  explainers  are  in  some  ways  more  important  than  the  ex- 
hibits themselves;  a  poor  exhibit  with  a  good  explainer  will  draw 
more  attention  and  make  a  more  lasting  impression  than  a  good 
exhibit  with  a  poor  explainer.  But  vivacity  and  an  ability  to  talk 
are  not  the  only  qualifications  necessary.  Much  harm  can  be  done 
by  inaccurate  explaining,  and  this  should  be  carefully  guarded 
against. 

In  order  to  insure  competent  explainers,  each  exhibiting  committer 
should  as  far  as  possible  provide  its  own,  and  when  this  is  impossible 
should  apply  to  the  committee  on  explainers  for  volunteers,  for 
whose  training  the  exhibiting  committee  then  becomes  responsible. 
Weekly  meetings  of  explainers  to  receive  instruction  have  sometimes 
been  held  to  meet  this  situation.  In  addition  to  these  trained  ex- 
plainers, there  is  always  room  for  general  guides  and  hostesses  in 
attendance  at  the  information  desk  and  free  to  be  assigned  wherever 
needed.  All  explainers  and  demonstrators  of  every  kind  should 
report  to  the  information  desk  on  entering  the  building,  so  that 
they  may  be  easily  reached  and  so  that  the  chairman  of  explainers 
may  be  sure  that  the  entire  floor  is  well  provided  with  them. 

Demonstrations. — These  range  from  the  simple  demonstration, 
which  is  hardly  more  than  an  explanation  of  the  exhibit,  to  changing 
programs  held  on  special  stages  distributed  throughout  the  exhibit. 
They  are  directly  under  the  control  of  the  several  exhibiting  com- 
mittees, which  should  keep  in  close  touch  with  the  program  commit- 
tee to  avoid  conflict  with  programs  near  by.  Some  demonstrations 
are  practically  continuous;  others  are  reserved  for  special  hours  or 
special  days.  The  committee  on  health,  for  instance,  may  wish  to 
have  a  nurse  giving  a  continuous  demonstration  (on  a  doll)  of  the 
bathing  and  dressing  of  the  baby.  Demonstrations  on  the  proper 
preparation  of  food  for  young  children  are  more  apt  to  be  a  part  of 
a  set  program,  varying  from  hour  to  hour  and  day  to  day  as  differ- 
ent foods  are  shown.  A  dental  examination  room,  an  infant-welfare 
station,  or  a  complete  children's  health  conference  may  be  living 
exhibits  in  the  health  section.  (See  illustration  No.  11.)  In  the 
Kochester  Child-Welfare  Exhibit  a  small  booth  was  set  aside  for  the 
inauguration  of  the  spring  fly  campaign,  for  which  children  enlisted 
and  received  souvenir  pledge  cards  and  medals ;  the  crowd  attracted 
here  was  very  large.     (See  illustration  No.  12.) 

A  committee  on  schools  frequently  finds  it  advisable  to  carry  on 
small  demonstration  classes  to  illustrate  some  of  the  subjects  taught 
in  the  schools,  such  as  manual  training,  domestic  science,  drawing, 
or  paper  cutting.    A  recreation  committee  often  centers  its  display 


44  CHILD-WELFARE  EXHIBITS. 

around  a  small  playground,  which  cares  for  the  children  who  wish  to 
come.  The  library  may  offer  a  similar  attraction  to  children  by 
maintaining  a  small  children's  room  in  actual  operation.  (See  illus- 
tration No.  13.)  The  philanthropy  committee  (or  the  health  com- 
mittee) may  manage  a  small  day  nursery  for  the  benefit  of  mothers 
who  wish  to  see  the  exhibit.  In  all  these  cases  the  children  them- 
selves, merely  by  availing  themselves  of  opportunities  offered,  make 
a  living  demonstration  to  the  public  of  the  worth  of  these  oppor- 
tunities. 

In  some  parts  of  the  exhibition,  notably  those  devoted  to  settle- 
ments, clubs,  and  associations,  it  may  seem  wise  to  erect  a  special 
stage  or  set  aside  a  special  floor  space  for  the  joint  use  of  several 
organizations,  no  one  of  which  can  furnish  enough  material  to  fill 
it.  Boy  Scouts  showing  their  "  first  aid  to  the  injured,"  Camp  Fire 
Girls'  activities,  classes  in  weaving  or  pottery  from  a  settlement, 
demonstrations  of  folk  dancing  not  suited  to  a  larger  space,  a  class 
in  butter  making  from  an  industrial  school,  or  a  class  in  speaking 
from  an  institution  for  the  deaf  are  all  among  the  possibilities  in  a 
space  of  this  kind. 

Under  this  head  of  living  demonstrations  would  come  also  special 
conferences  for  mothers,  held  under  the  health  committee  and  con- 
ducted by  local  doctors,  and  specially  conducted  tours  through 
various  sections,  for  which  some  well  known  local  person  is  an- 
nounced as  guide.  These  demonstrations  can  well  be  carried  on 
under  the  exhibiting  committees,  but  if  they  promise  to  attain  much 
size  and  importance  the  program  committee  should  be  consulted 
about  them. 

Program  committtee. — Before  selecting  a  program  committee  the 
executive  committee  should  first  of  all  decide  on  the  general  type  of 
program  desired.  Large  conferences  with  out-of-town  speakers  have 
almost  invariably  proved  disappointing  when  held  in  connection 
with  an  exhibit,  unless  the  exhibit  is  a  very  small  one,  chosen  simply 
to  illustrate  the  conference.  Custom  probably  demands  an  exception 
to  this  rule  in  the  case  of  a  formal  opening,  where  the  speeches 
should  be  short,  pointed,  and  interspersed  with  music  or  other  forms 
of  entertainment.  One  or  two  small  conferences  or  round  tables  of 
workers  may  be  valuable  if  the  audience  is  chosen  as  carefully  as  the 
speaker  and  the  subjects  restricted  to  matters  of  immediate  impor- 
tance on  which  action  is  pressing.  But  most  of  the  social  workers 
of  the  community  should  be  engaged  at  this  time  in  explaining  the 
exhibit  or  planning  the  follow-up  work  to  come  after  the  exhibit. 
Any  conference  which  diverts  them  from  these  duties  is  likely  to  do 
harm.  If  sufficient  money  is  available  for  good  speakers,  it  is  a  much 
better  plan  to  bring  them  at  intervals  after  the  exhibit  is  over,  when 
each  address  can  be  separately  advertised  and  when  the  exhibit 


CHILD- WELFARE   EXHIBITS.  45 

material  reenforcing  the  address  can  be  assembled  again  and  set 
around  the  lecture  hall.  Such  addresses,  as  well  as  the  round  tables 
above  mentioned,  may  be  referred  to  the  program  committee,  or  it 
may  be  decided  that  they  can  be  handled  better  through  the  com- 
mittees interested  in  the  subjects  to  be  represented. 

After  disposing  of  the  question  of  conferences  and  referring  the 
minor  demonstrations  in  the  sections  to  the  various  exhibiting  com- 
mittees the  main  question  remaining  concerns  the  kind  of  program  of 
entertainments  to  be  planned  for  the  central  court  or  main  stage  of 
the  exhibit.  Opinions  are  divided  concerning  the  value  of  large,  gen- . 
eral  entertainments  occurring  twice  daily  and  drawing  great  crowds 
of  people  only  partially  or  not  at  all  interested  in  the  subject  matter 
of  the  exhibit.  As  a  rule,  however,  demonstrations  on  a  big  scale 
of  activities  of  the  community's  children,  such  as  choruses  of  1,000 
voices  from  the  schools,  folk  dancing,  and  gymnastics  from  the 
schools  and  playgrounds,  and  similar  displays,  have  a  very  important 
function.  They  serve  as  exhibits  of  community  activities;  they  give 
large  numbers  of  children  and  their  parents  a  feeling  that  they  have 
a  share  in  the  exhibit;  and  they  draw  out  not  merely  a  crowd,  but  a 
thoroughly  democratic  crowd,  a  crowd  coming  to  see  its  children  per- 
form, not  yet  interested  perhaps  in  all  the  matters  displayed  in  the 
exhibit,  but  the  crowd,  none  the  less,  upon  which  the  securing  and 
enforcing  of  all  remedial  legislation  will  depend.  If  the  large  per- 
formances in  the  central  court  or  on  the  main  stage  are  restricted  to 
three-quarters  of  an  hour  in  length,  and  if  the  explaining  force  is 
well  organized  and  ready  to  handle  the  crowds  that  are  released 
immediately  after  the  entertainments,  no  harm  but  rather  good 
would  result  from  a  type  of  demonstration  which  brings  out  thou- 
sands of  people.  To  safeguard  the  children  taking  part  the  enter- 
tainments should  be  in  the  nature  of  an  exhibit  of  work  actually  car- 
ried on  in  schools,  playgrounds,  or  under  volunteer  agencies,  with  a 
minimum  of  rehearsal  and  consequently  with  the  possibility  of  using 
different  children  for  almost  every  performance.  This  arrangement 
is  also  advisable  in  order  to  draw  parents  from  as  many  parts  of  the 
city  as  possible. 

If  a  program  of  this  type  is  agreed  upon  by  the  executive  commit- 
tee, then  the  program  committee  should  be  made  up  of  the  persons 
who  are  fitted  to  take  charge  of  separate  programs,  such  as  the  super- 
visors of  music  and  gymnastics  in  the  schools,  the  physical  director 
of  the  Young  Men's  Christian  Association,  leaders  of  the  Boy  Scouts 
and  Camp  Fire  Girls,  etc.,  under  the  chairmanship  of  some  person 
mutually  acceptable.  This  committee  need  meet  only  twice — once  to 
assign  the  times  of  the  performances  and  decide  upon  the  equipment 
which  is  needed  jointly,  such  as  piano  and  dressing  rooms,  and  later 
to  determine  details  of  floor  management.    The  installation  committee 


46  CHILD- WELFARE   EXHIBITS. 

must  be  consulted  on  many  of  these  matters,  and  careful  considera- 
tion must  be  given  to  questions  of  special  equipment,  such  as  chairs 
needed  for  some  performances  but  not  for  others.  The  frequent 
movement  of  large  numbers  of  chairs,  for  instance,  may  prove  a 
serious  item  of  expense  and  should  be  carefully  guarded  against. 

Special  pageants  and  dramas  written  for  performance  by  children 
at  child-welfare  exhibits  are  frequently  well  worth  giving.  A 
pageant  on  a  large  scale,  lasting  for  an  entire  evening,  is  perhaps 
on  the  whole  inadvisable,  as  it  interferes  seriously  with  the  conduct 
of  the  rest  of  the  exhibit  and  can  not  be  given  with  the  best  effect 
under  exhibition  conditions.  Two  short  plays,  prepared  on  subjects 
concerned  with  the  welfare  of  children,  were  used  to  great  advantage 
in  the  Pittsburgh  Baby  Week.  One  of  these,  entitled  "  The  Theft  of 
Thistledown,"  will  serve  as  an  example.  It  depicts  a  fairy  court,  to 
which,  amid  dances  and  fairy  revels.  Thistledown  brings  an  earth 
baby  stolen  from  conditions  which  she  graphically  describes.  In 
punishment  for  her  theft  she  is  condemned,  greatly  to  her  dismay, 
to  become  herself  that  much  loved  and  much  abused  thing,  an  earth 
baby,  until  such  time  as  mothers  learn  to  treat  their  babies  properly. 
The  play  closes  with  a  picturesque  appeal  to  the  audience  to  help 
free  poor  Thistledown. 

AFTER  THE  EXHIBIT. 

Some  possible  results  to  which  exhibits  may  lead  have  been  men- 
tioned in  connection  with  the  infant- welfare  exhibits  and  health  con- 
ferences designed  to  encourage  the  establishment  of  infant-welfare 
stations  or  child-welfare  centers.  The  results  of  a  community  child- 
Avelf  are  exhibit  are  more  varied,  depending  upon  the  particular  needs 
emphasized  by  the  exhibit  and  the  particular  organizations  that  were 
especially  active  in  working  for  results.  An  exhibit  is  a  form  of 
education  through  publicity.  If  considered  an  end  in  itself,  the 
closing  night  will  indeed  be  "  the  end  " ;  if  used  as  a  tool,  it  may  be 
made  the  means  of  real  accomplishment.  A  new  factory  inspector 
in  Kansas  City,  a  housing  inspector  in  Louisville,  a  $25,000  school 
building  in  a  congested  district  of  Northampton,  increased  sewer  con- 
nections in  Easthampton  vv^here  the  ice  supply  of  the  town  was 
menaced  are  types  of  results  which  have  been  secured  in  practically 
every  community  that  has  devoted  sufficient  time  and  thought  to  the 
planning  of  a  child-welfare  exhibit.  In  cities  where  no  organized 
combination  of  social  agencies  exists  to  interpret  and  carry  out  the 
legislative  program  suggested  by  an  exhibit,  the  exhibit  organiza- 
tion itself  is  often  a  first  step  to  such  a  combination  and  leaves 
behind  it  committees  which  are  natural  working  divisions  of  the 
social  forces  of  the  community,  together  with  lists  of  many  new  work- 


CHILD-WELFAKE   EXHIBITS.  47 

ers  discovered  by  the  committee  on  explainers.  Where  no  distinct 
need  exists  for  a  new  grouping  of  the  city's  forces  the  child- welfare 
exhibit  should  practically  disband  after  the  exhibit  instead  of  adding 
to  the  numerous  agencies  already  existing  and  should  turn  its  work 
and  its  possessions  over  to  the  agency  best  qualified  to  carry  on  the 
work  not  yet  finished. 

Local  exhibits  prepared  for  a  large  exhibition  may  be  used  again 
and  again  in  neighborhood  exhibits.  They  may  be  deposited  in  the 
public  library,  if  it  is  a  strong  and  conveniently  situated  institution, 
and  drawn  out  by  application ;  while  the  demand  for  their  use  can  be 
stimulated  by  a  committee  of  volunteers  drawn  from  the  original 
child-welfare  exhibit  or  from  the  organization  now  in  charge  of  its 
affairs.  Even  if  exhibits  are  taken  back  by  the  organization  which 
prepared  them  they  should  be  catalogued  at  some  central  place. 

The  immediate  conscious  purpose  of  the  child-welfare  exhibit  is, 
after  all,  not  to  legislate,  nor  to  combine,  nor  to  convert,  but  to 
exhibit,  and  by  exhibiting  to  educate.  It  is  the  answer  to  a  great 
popular  demand  for  easier  and  quicker  ways  of  learning. 

"We  do  this  for  the  baby  since  we  went  to  the  coliseum,"  was  a 
constantly  repeated  phrase  in  the  round  of  nurses'  visits  after  the 
Chicago  Child-Welfare  Exhibit.  "  Since  the  exhibit  social  workers 
know  each  other  by  their  first  names,"  said  a  Kentucky  woman. 
"  Since  the  exhibit  people  understand  what  our  board  is  trying  to  ac- 
complish," said  a  prominent  city  official.  "  After  the  exhibit  the  sup- 
port given  to  our  society  was  doubled  almost  immediately,"  said  a 
New  England  worker.  "  Since  the  exhibit  social  work  has  a  new 
standing  in  the  community,"  said  a  prominent  citizen  of  a  western 
city. 

Through  these  subtle  changes  of  attitude  and  conviction,  of  indi- 
vidual and  community  relations,  the  child- welfare  exhibit  works  out 
its  true  purpose  of  popular  education. 

3895°— 15 4 


APPENDIX  I, 


CHILD-WELFARE    EXHIBITS    OWNED    BY    STATE    DEPARTMENTS, 

JANUARY    I,   1915.  . 


California,  State  Board  of  Health, 

Sacramento. 
Colorado,  State  Board  of  Health, 

Denver. 
Florida,   State  Board  of  Health, 

Jacksonville. 


Georgia,  State  Board  of  Health, 

Atlanta. 
Illinois,   State  Board  of  Health, 

Springfield. 


General  health  car. 


Lantern  slides. 


Indiana,  Purdue  University,  La- 
fayette. 


Indiana,  State  Board  of  Health, 
Indianapolis. 


Indiana  University,  Bloomington. 


Iowa,  State  Department  of  Health 
and  Medical  Examiners,  Des 
Moines. 


Iowa,  State  University,  Iowa  City. 


Kansas,   State  Board  of  Health, 
Topeka. 


Two  general  health  exhibits,  including  60 
square  feet  of  wall  displays  referring  to 
children. 

Motion  pictures  and  lantern  slides  on  general 
sanitation. 

Literature  and  lectures  supplied. 

General  health  exhibit  and  illustrated  lec- 
tures. 

Extensive  general  health  exhibit  of  mechani- 
cal and  still  models,  electrical  devices,  and 
hand-colored  cartoons,  requiring  three 
booths  10  by  10  by  8  feet  for  the  part 
relating  especially  to  children.  Many  mod- 
els on  infant  mortality,  flies,  sanitation, 
etc. 

Motion  pictures  on  need  of  birth  registra- 
tion, etc.  Slides,  literature,  and  lecturers 
sent. 

Models  of  infant  clothing  and  pictures  deal- 
ing with  infant  feeding  used  in  lectures 
on  the  hygiene  of  infancy  before  women's 
clubs,  mothers'  club  meetings,  farmers' 
institutes,  etc. 

Extensive  general  health  exhibit  of  600 
square  feet  wall  space,  about  one-fifth  of 
which  is  devoted  to  child  hygiene. 

Models  on  sanitation. 

Six  motion-picture  films,  800  slides. 

Literature  and  lecturers  furnished. 

Traveling  exhibit  of  eight  screens  suggesting 
what  any  community  can  do  for  itself  and 
for  its  children. 

Extensive  general  health  exhibit,  including 
100  square  feet  of  wall  space  for  exhibits 
relating  to  children. 

Models  on  patent  medicines,  baby  saving, 
snnitation.  etc. 

One  hundred  wall  charts,  3  by  5  feet  each. 

A  physician  supplied  for  organizing  and  con- 
ducting baby  health  contests  and  confer- 
ences. 

General  health  exhibit,  including  500  square 
feet  of  wall  charts  on  care  of  babies. 

Motion  pictures  and  slides. 

Literature  and  lecturers. 

49 


50 


CHILD-WELFABE   EXHIBITS. 


Kansas,   State   University,   Law- 
rence. 


Kentucky,  State  Board  of  Health, 

Frankfort. 
Louisiana,  State  Board  of  Healtli, 

New  Orleans. 


Maine,    State   Board   of  Health, 
Augusta. 


Michigan,  State  Board  of  Health, 
Lansing. 

New     Jersey,     State     Board     of 
Health,   Trenton. 

New  York,  State  Department  of 
Health,  Albany. 


North  Carolina,   State  Board  of 
Health,   Raleigh. 


Ohio,  State  Board  of  Health,  Co- 
lumbus. 


Pennsylvania,   State  Department 
of  Health,  Harrisburg. 


South  Carolina,  Winthrop  Normal 
and  Industrial  College,  Rock- 
hill. 


Tennessee,       State      Board      of 

Health.  Lebanon. 
Texas,    State   Board   of   Health, 

Austin. 


Exhibits  showing  surveys  of  Lawrence  and 

Bellville,  200  square  feet  of  wall  space. 
Seven  motion-picture  films,  2,000  slides. 
Literature  and  lecturers. 
General  health  traveling  exhibit. 

Education  hygiene  exhibit  cars  and  small 
parish-fair  exhibit.  One-third  to  one-fourth 
on  children.  . 

Eleven  electrical  devices,  20  models. 

Fourteen  motion-picture  films,  500  slides. 

Literature  and  four  lecturers  continuously 
(one  for  negroes). 

Exhibits  on  child  welfare,  school  hygiene, 
rural  hygiene,  tuberculosis  (about  600 
square  feet  wall  space). 

Framed  cards  and  cards  on  burlap  strips. 

Table  exhibits,  slides. 

Large  variety  of  literature,  lecturers. 

General  health  exhibit,  including  charts  and 
models  on  child  hygiene  and  sanitation. 

Slides  and  lecturers. 

General  health  exhibit  and  motion-picture 
machine. 

Lecturer. 

Three  exhibits  on  rural  sanitation  and  three 
on  child  welfare.  Each  child-welfare  ex- 
hibit requires  70  linear  feet  of  wall  space 
and  15  by  21  foot  booth  for  infant-welfare 
station. 

Models,  motion  pictures,  slides. 

Pamphlets  and  lecturers. 

Exhibit  manager,  nurse,  and  mechanic  with 
each  exhibit. 

Exhibit  on  general  health,  including  child 
hygiene. 

Models. 

Slides  and  lecturers. 

Parcel-post  exhibits  for  small  communities. 

Public-health  exhibit  on  infant  mortality, 
blindness,  school  hygiene,  dental  hygiene, 
communicable  diseases,  occupational  dis- 
eases, tuberculosis.  Requires  room  30  by 
80  by  14  feet. 

Models  and  electrical  devices. 

Ten  films,  1,500  slides. 

Leaflets  and  lecturer. 

Exhibit  on  infant  welfare,  1,200  square  feet 
of  wall  space. 

Special  help  for  communities  preparing 
their  own  exhibits,  blue  prints,  etc.^ 

Extension  work  includes  formation  of  home- 
keepers'  clubs  for  girls  and  of  mothers' 
circles  for  the  study  of  the  child. 

Baby  contests  and  conferences  arranged. 

Demonstrations  of  sleeping  quarters  for  the 
child. 

Equipment  for  milk  modification. 

Feeding  charts. 

Literature  distributed. 

Charts,  motion  pictures,  literature,  and  lec- 
tures on  typhoid,  tuberculosis,  hookworm. 

Car  on  general  health  and  infant  hygiene. 


1  This  department  has  a  large  exhibit  in  the  Panama-Pacific  Exposition,  which  should 
be  available  after  Jan.  1,  1916. 


CHILD-WELFARE   EXHIBITS. 


51 


Texas,   State  University,  Austin. 


Utah,    State    Board    of    Health, 

Salt  Lake  City. 
Vermont,  State  Board  of  Health, 

Burlington. 


Virginia,  State  Board  of  Health, 
Richmond. 


Washington,     State      Board     of 

Health,  Seattle. 
Wisconsin,       State      University, 

Madison. 


Forty  panels  on  better  babies,  10  on  child 

labor. 
Models  and  electrical  devices. 
Motion-picture  machine,  500  slides. 
Thirty  bulletins. 
Slides,  literature,  and  lectures. 

Motion  pictures  on  milk,  water,  vital  sta- 
tistics, tuberculosis.     Slides  and  lectures. 

A  motion-picture  machine  with  electrical 
motor  generator  for  use  in  rural  districts 
where  electricity  is  not  available. 

Charts  on  tuberculosis,  hookworm,  typhoid, 
300  square  feet  wall  space.  About  one- 
half  refers  to  children. 

Kinetoscope,  with  films  on  fly,  mosquito, 
care  of  baby,  etc.    250  slides. 

Literature  and  lecturers. 

A  few  wall  charts  and  pamphlets  on  the 
care  of  the  baby. 

One  hundred  and  twenty-five  charts  on 
health.  Section  devoted  to  children  re- 
quires 75  square  feet  wall  space. 

Models  and  electrical  devices. 

Five  films  and  1,000  slides. 

Literature  and  lecturers. 


APPENDIX  2. 


RECORDS  OF   CHILDREN'S  HEALTH  CONFERENCE. 


The  record  blank  used  by  the  Children's  Health  Conference  conducted  by  the 
Children's  Bureau  in  the  Panama-Pacific  Exposition  is  not  a  score  card,  with 
grades  on  a  percentage  basis,  but  a  much  simpler  statement,  being  intended 
not  to  grade  children  for  purposes  of  comparison  but  to  be  of  service  to  the 
individual  child.  Measurements  are  placed  where  indicated ;  a  check  is  placed 
to  indicate  a  defect,  opposite  skin,  bones,  nutrition,  or  any  of  the  items  in  this 
column.  The  summary  is  used  for  suggestions  to  the  parent  for  the  improve- 
ment of  the  child. 

The  record  below  is  checked  to  indicate  a  typical  case  of  adenoids : 


1.  Male;  Female 

X 

12. 

General  nutrition:  Poor. 

2.  Age:  6  years. 

3.  Weight  at  birth:  8\  pounds. 

X 

13. 

Fat:  Deficient. 

4.  How  long   breast-fed   exclu- 

X 

14. 

Bones:  Not  well  formed. 

sively:  6  weeks. 

X 

15. 

Muscles:  Soft. 

5.  Age  when  weaned:  S  months. 



16. 

Skin 

6.  Why  weaned:  No  milk. 

17. 

Hair 

7.  What  foods: 

18. 

Eyes 

Mod.  cows'  milk. 

19. 

Ears 

8.  Previous  illnesses  (with  age): 

X 

20. 

Nose:  Poorly  developed. 

X 

WhooDing  cough 

?.} 

Mouth 

X 

Measles 

22. 

23 

Teeth 

Respiratory  diseases 

Tonsils 

X 

24. 
25 

Adenoids:  Present. 

Digestive  diseases 

Glands 

26. 

27 

Heart 

Other  diseases 

Lungs 

Liver 

9.  Weight:  39  pounds  10  ounces  . . 

28 

10.  Height:  4S.5. 

29. 

Spleen 

11.  Dimensions  of  head:  20.6. 

30. 

Ext.  genitals 

Chest:  21.1.  Abdomen :;?i  .. 

The  second  sheet  of  the  record  is  left  blank  for  a  summary  which  forms  a 
written  r§sum§  of  the  more  detailed  advice  given  by  word  of  mouth.  The  fol- 
lowing selected  summaries  will  give  a  suggestion  of  the  type  of  children  com- 
ing  to   the   conference,   and  the   simple   language  in   which  advice   is   given. 

52 


CHILD- WELFARE  EXHIBITS.  53 

All  technical  terms  are  avoided  in  order  to  bring  the  suggestions  within  range 
of  the  understanding  of  a  mother  of  average  intelligence. 

1.  (Summary  of  above  record.)  This  child  has  thin,  pinched  nostrils  and 
contracted  chest,  due,  probably,  to  presence  of  adenoids,  which  make  it  im- 
possible for  him  to  breathe  properly.  He  is  over  height  but  under  weight,  and 
is  not  as  well  developed  as  a  child  of  his  age  ought  to  be,  because  he  can  not 
get  into  his  lungs  enough  oxygen  to  make  good  blood. 

This  may  retard  his  mental  development,  making  it  hard  for  him  to  keep 
up  with  his  school  work. 

His  adenoids  ought  to  be  removed  and  he  be  kept  out  of  doors  day  and  night 
if  possible.     Give  simple,  nourishing  food  as  per  accompanying  dietary. 

Don't  send  him  to  school  this  year.     Build  him  up  first. 

2.  This  child  is  a  credit  to  an  intelligent  mother  and  shows  the  advantages 
of  breast  feeding.  She  is  well  developed,  in  good  proportions,  and  seems  in  fine 
condition. 

Keep  her  so  by  an  out-of-door  life,  regular  habits,  simple,  wholesome  food. 
No  eating  between  meals,  no  late  hours  nor  moving-picture  shows,  no  crowding 
in  school  work. 

Her  teeth  need  her  constant  care  and  the  oversight  of  a  dentist.  Decaying 
teeth  mean  decomposing  food  and  indigestion. 

3.  This  baby  is  thin  and  poorly  nourished.  He  shows  that  he  is  not  getting 
the  right  kind  of  food.  Don't  waste  your  time  and  his  strength  experimenting. 
Take  him  to  a  good  children's  specialist  and  follow  his  directions. 

He  is  also  overclothed.  The  band  is  no  longer  necessary;  it  is  full  of 
wrinkles  and  very  uncomfortable.  Pin  his  shirt  to  diaper;  also  his  stockings, 
which  should  be  long  enough  to  cover  entire  leg.  He  may  need  the  short 
sack  night  and  morning,  but  don't  let  his  body  get  wet  with  perspiration,  as  it 
makes  him  susceptible  to  colds. 

Change  all  clothing  at  night  and  air  thoroughly.  He  ought  to  sleep  only  in 
shirt,  diaper,  and  gown  (flannelette  in  winter  and  muslin  in  summer).  If  he 
can  sleep  in  a  protected  corner  of  the  porch  he  will  become  less  susceptible  to 
colds.  In  that  case  make  sleeping  bags  by  accompanying  pattern,  only  draw- 
ing in  sleeves  with  draw  string  in  winter  to  keep  his  hands  warm. 

4.  This  is  a  tiny  baby  and  needs  breast  milk.  Try  to  get  your  own  health 
in  better  condition  so  that  your  milk  will  not  give  out.  Drink  milk  and  cocoa 
instead  of  tea  and  coffee,  eat  only  simple,  nourishing  food,  have  a  nap  on  the 
porch  every  day  while  the  baby  is  asleep,  and  make  up  your  mind  to  nurse 
him  six  months  anyway.     You  can  if  you  will. 

Four-hour  intervals  will  be  better  both  for  your  baby  and  yourself. 
Your  doctor  will  help  you  when  he  sees  that  neither  of  you  are  in  good 
condition. 

5.  James  is  a  big,  well-built  boy,  has  good  color,  and  seems  in  fine  condition, 
except  for  his  knees,  which  are  too  prominent,  and  his  ankles,  which  are  big 
and  bulging  on  the  inner  side.  He  may  have  walked  before  his  ankles  were 
strong  enough  to  bear  his  weight  or  his  food  may  not  have  contained  enough 
bone-producing  elements. 

He  needs  careful  feeding  and  special  care  to  prevent  a  permanent  malforma- 
tion of  the  ankle  and  a  flattened  arch  of  the  foot.  Would  suggest  the  advice 
of  a  good  orthopedist  in  selection  of  his  shoes  and  to  give  him  any  possible 
preventive  care. 

6.  Abram  is  suffering  from  faulty  feeding.  His  bow  legs  and  roughened,  flar- 
ing ribs  show  that  his  bones  are  not  developing  well,  and  his  teeth  are  slow 
in  coming,  because  he  needs  a  food  with  more  bone-producing  material.  Cows' 
milk  is  more  like  mother's  milk  than  the  manufactured  food  you  are  using. 
He  needs  a  little  orange  juice  every  day.  Take  him  to  a  milk  station,  and  they 
will  help  you  secure  the  best  possible  food  for  your  baby. 

7.  Baby  Blank  seems  to  be  a  happy,  well-nourished  baby.  She  weighs  more 
than  the  average  child  of  her  age,  but  has  rather  more  fat  than  muscle.  Her 
abdominal  measurement  is  greater  in  proportion  to  her  chest  and  head  than  is 
considered  normal.     This  is  probably  due  to  distention  of  the  intestines. 

Cream  of  wheat,  bread,  and  potatoes  are  more  starch  than  she  needs.  Don't 
give  potato  under  14  to  16  months.  Try  strained  oatmeal,  cooked  slowly  for 
two  hours,  instead  of  cream  of  wheat,  for  her  constipation.  Give  also  pulp 
of  stewed  apples,  peaches,  or  prunes  every  day  in  addition  to  the  orange  juice. 
A  tnblespoonful  of  beef  juice  squeezed  from  a  bit  of  lightly  broiled  round  steak 
is  better  for  a  child  of  her  age  than  so  much  starchy  food. 

Teach  her  habits  of  regularity  in  order  to  overcome  her  constipation. 


APPENDIX  3. 


TABLE  OF  WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES. 

Used  as  a  standard  of  comparison  for  the  Children's  Health  Conference  in 
the  exhibit  of  the  Children's  Bureau  in  the  Panama-Pacific  Exposition.  Figures 
for  children  of  3  years  and  under  are  obtained  from  the  more-detailed  anthro- 
pometric table  published  by  the  Council  on  Health  and  Public  Instruction  of  the 
American  Medical  Association  and  are  based  on  measurements  of  4,480  babies 
in  23  States.  As  this  table  does  not  go  above  42  months,  the  figures  for  the 
older  children  are  taken  from  Holt's  measurements. 


Weight. 

Height. 

Head. 

■      Chest. 

Abdomen. 

Age. 

Male. 

Female. 

Male. 

Female. 

Male. 

Female. 

Male. 

Female. 

Male. 

Female. 

Birth 

7.55 

17.875 

21.25 

27.5 

32.125 

36.0 

41.2 

45.1 

49.5 

54.5 

60.0 

66.6 

72.4 

79.8 

88.3 

99.3 
110.8 
123.7 

7.16 

16.0 

20.875 

26. 625 

30.75 

35.0 

39.8 

43.8 

48.0 

52.9 

57.5 

64.1 

70.3 

81.4 

91.2 
100.3 
108.4 
113.0 

20.6 

26.50 

29.375 

33.5 

37.125 

38.0 

41.7 

44.1 

46.2 

48.2 

50.1 

52.2 

54.0 

55.8 

58.2 

61.0 

63.0 

65.6 

20.5 

25.875 

28.75 

33.5 

36.375 

38.0 

41.4 

43.6 

45.9 

48.0 

49.6 

51.8 

53.8 

57.1 

58.7 

60.3 

61.4 

61.7 

13.9 

17.5 

18.5 

19.375 

20.0 

19.7 

20.5 

13.5 

17.0 

18.25 

19.0 

19.5 

19.5 

20.2 

13.4 

17.375 

18.375 

19.624 

20.5 

20.7 

21.5 

23.2 

23.7 

24.4 

25.1 

25.8 

26.4 

27.0 

27.7 

28.8 

30.0 

31.2 

13.0 

16.75 

18. 125 

19.5 

20.0 

20.7 

21.0 

22.8 

23.3 

23.8 

24.5 

24.7 

25.8 

26.8 

28.0 

29.2 

30.3 

30.8 

16.875 
17.125 
17.875 
18.75 
19. 875 

16. 375 

6  months 

1  year 

16.625 
17. 875 

2  years 

19.0 

3  years 

19.75 

4  years 

5  years 

6  years 

7  years 

8  years 

9  years 

10  years 

21.0 

20.7 

11  years 

12  years 

13  vears 

15  years 

21.8 

21.5 

16  years 

54 


APPENDIX  4. 


ANNOUNCEMENT  AND  ENTRY  FORM  OF  THE  SEATTLE  JUNIOR 

EXPOSITION. 

"  Character  is  determined  by  the  use  of  leisure  time." 

CHILD- WELFARE  EXHIBIT, 

May  22  to  30,  1914. 

Junior  Exposition, 

Saturday,  May  23,  10  a.  m.  to  10  p.  m. 

CENTRAL  COURT  OF  THE   ARMORY. 

An  exposition  of  the  work  of  the  boys  and  girls  of  Seattle,  to  show  something 
of  their  skill,  perseverance,  and  ingenuity,  and  how  they  use  their  leisure  time. 


Open  to  all  boys  and  girls  of  Seattle  under  16  years  of  age,  residents  of  the 
city.  Exhibitors  will  be  classified  according  to  age:  Entry  A,  under  13  years 
of  age ;  Entry  B,  under  16  years  of  age. 

This  exix)sition,  for  one  day,  will  include  anything  made  by  a  boy  or  girl  out- 
side of  school  hours. 

EXHIBITS. 

All  entries  must  have  been  made  by  the  exhibitor  outside  of  school  hours.  In 
the  department  of  pets  the  entries  must  be  the  property  of  the  exhibitor. 

AWARDS. 

All  entries  will  be  judged  by  competent  judges,  who  will  award — first  prize, 
blue  ribbon;  second  prize,  red  ribbon — to  all  those  deemed  worthy. 
No  entries  received  after  May  18. 

Bring  or  send  your  article  to  the  armory  at  9  a.  m.  Saturday,  May  23,  1914. 
Labels  or  cards  of  identification  will  be  supplied  to  secure  uniformity. 

DEPARTMENTS. 

(All  work  made  by  the  exhibitors.) 

Gardening. — Exhibits  of  fruit,  flowers,  and  vegetables  raised  by  the  exhibitor. 

Woodwork. — Furniture,  tables,  chairs,  boxes,  cabinets,  shelves,  etc.  Wood 
turning,  bowls,  vases,  cup  frames,  etc.    Patterns  for  castings. 

Toys. — Toys  of  all  kinds,  of  any  material;  boats,  windmills,  automobiles,  en- 
gines, aeroplanes,  games,  etc. 

Electrical  and  mechanical. — All  kinds  of  electrical  or  mechanical  apparatus. 
Current  can  be  supplied  if  necessary. 

Printing. — Samples  of  amateur  work.     Billheads,  cards,  etc. 

Arts  and  era/^s,- -Entries  must  show  design  and  hand  skill.  Baskets,  books, 
booklets,  block  printing,  stenciling,  leather  work,  weaving,  etc. 

55 


56  CHILD-WELFARE  EXHIBITS. 

Domestic  science. — Bread,  canned  and  preserved  fruit  and  vegetables ;  menus, 
etc. ;  household  appliances. 

Domestic  art. — Coats;  woolen,  silk,  and  cotton  waists  or  skirts;  one-piece 
dresses,  gowns,  aprons,  bags,  collars,  cushions,  scarfs,  slippers,  caps,  etc. ;  hand- 
woven  mats  and  rugs;  9  to  12  inch  doll,  dressed  in  hand-made  garments; 
patching,  darning,  etc. 

Millinery. — Handmade  buckram  or  wire  frames,  infants'  and  children's  bon- 
nets, girls'  hats,  12  to  16  years ;  bows,  flowers,  etc. 

Pets. — ^All  kinds  of  pets  owned  by  the  exhibitor.  Dogs,  eats,  poultry,  rabbits, 
squirrels,  birds,  fish,  turtles,  etc. 

Each  exhibitor  must  provide  for  the  care  of  his  exhibit. 

Junior  Exposition  Committee  of  the  Child-Welfare  Exhibit:  Ben  W.  Johnson 
(chairman),  Harry  L.  Deits  (director),  Anna  E.  Grady,  Low  S.  McKean,  Susan 
E.  Campbell,  Lila  M.  Delano,  William  P.  Casey,  Harry  B.  Cunningham,  Laurance 
H.  Lenimel,  Samuel  C.  Olson,  Ed  J.  Turner. 

ENTRY   FORMS. 

The  attached  form  blank  should  be  filled  out  as  directed  by  every  boy  or  girl 
who  expects  to  participate  in  this  exhibit. 

(Cut  here.) 


ENTRY    FORM. 

Name Age 


Address:  No*. Street  __ 

School,  club,  or  where  employed 


Article Department 


N.  B. — Make  but  one  entry  on  this  form.  As  soon  as  filled  out  return  it  to  the  prin- 
cipal of  your  school  or  send  it  to  Mr.  Johnson,  Room  338,  Central  Building.  Phone  Main 
2644 


BABY'S  FOES 


CAPTAINS  OF  THE  HOSTS  OF  DEATH 
ARE 


IGNORANCE 
D  SURROUNDINGS. 


NO.  4. 


-WALL  PANEL  FROM  THE  EXHIBIT  OF  THE  CHILDREN'S  BUREAU, 
SHOWING  THE  USE  OF  CARTOONS. 


WHAT  MOTHEirS  MLK 
DD  FOR  THIS  BABY 

THIS  BABY  IAS  ARTIFICIALLY  FEO  AND  HAD  mmOU. 


NO.  5.— WALL  PANEL  FROM  THE  EXHIBIT  OF  THE  CHILDREN'S  BUREAU. 
SHOWING  AN  ARRANGEMENT  OF  PHOTOGRAPHS  AND  STATEMENTS 
PASTED  ON  A  LARGER  BACKGROUND  WHICH  FORMS  THE  UNIT  OF 
CONSTRUCTION. 


COLDS  &  PNEUMONIA 

A  GROWN  PERSON'S  COLD 
MAY  BRING 


TO  THE  BABY 

ABOUT  Va  OF  ALL  BABIES  DYING  UNDER 
ONE  YEAR  OLD,  DIE  FROM  PNEUMONIA  AND 

BRONCHITIS,    u. ».  CENSUS,  mia . 


5? 


PROTECT. THE  BABY  NEVER  KISS  THE 

AGAINST  ITS  MOTHERS     BABY  ON  THE  MOUTH. 
COtO. 


4 


I 


KEEP  THE  BABY  AWAY  FROM  CROWDED  PLACES 


NO.  6.— WALL  PANEL    FROM   THE    EXHIBIT    OF    THE    CHILDREN'S  BUREAU, 
SHOWING  A  COMBINATION  OF  PHOTOGRAPHS  AND  CARTOONS. 


ARTIFICIAL  Fl 


IF  THE  DOCTOR  SAYS 
THE  BABY  MUST  BE  ARTinCIALLY  FED 
GET  HIM  TO  SHOW  YOU  HOW 


KEEP  IT  COOL        MIX  BY  DOCTOR'S  0RDER5 


CLEAN  COI'S  IILK 
I  MIXED  IITH  lATER  AHO  SUGAR  AS   THE  DOCTOR  DIRECTS 
TO  SUIT  EACH  BABY 


BABIES. 


:CTS  ji 


NO.  7.— WALL  PANEL  ON    INFANT  CARE. 


NURSING  THE  BABY 


ALMOST 

EVERY 

MOTHER 


CAN 

NURSE 

HER  BABY 


NURSE  THE  BABY  IF  POSSIBLE  FOR  9  MONTHS 

EVEN  IF  SOIE  ARTIFICIAL  FOOD  IS  NECESSARY  IN  ADDITION. 


ESPECIALLY  AVOU)  WEANING  IN  THE  EARLY  MONTHS 
OR  IN  SUMMER 

NURSE   THE  BABY  REGULARLY 
11       *       IX  /^ 


(■xcxrr  IN  THi  MiooLC  or  tm«  hib«t) 

00  NOT  NURSE  BY  GUESS  fORK. 
NOR  EVERY  THE  HE  CRIES. 

GIVE  THE  BABY  A  DRINK  OF 
WATER 
BETWEEN  FEEDINGS.  ESPECIALLY  IN  SUMMER. 


NO.  8.— WALL  PANEL  ON    INFANT  CARE. 


CARE  BEFORE  BIRTH 


BIRTH  IS  NOT  THE  BEGINNING  OF  LIFE 
BABIES  ARE  ALIVE 
AND  CAN  BE  SERIOUSLY  INJURED 
BEFORE  BIRTH. 


A  HEALTHY 

HAPPY  MOTHER 


A  HEALTHY 

HAPPY  BABY 


A  MOTHER  AWAITING  THE    BIRTH   OF  HER   BABY 
(  GOOO  FOOD 

I  PLENTY  OF  REST 

FRESH    AIR 
I  LIGHT  EXERCISE 

V  A  CONTENTED  MIND 


IN  THE  UNITED  STATES  <  REGISTRATION  AREA) 
1818 


DIED  BECAUSE  OF  CONDITIONS  BEFORE  BIRTH 

INFANT  WELFARE  WORK 
HAS  SAVED  THOUSANDS  OF  BABIES. 
BUT 
OUR  DUTY  TO  THE  BABY  BEGINS  BEFORE  BIRTH. 


NO.  9.— WALL  PANEL  ON  PRENATAL  CARE. 


S 

•i 

Mj  !"  i     ^  ^ 

1 

if 

5-' 

■  ife^.'-|^IW 

1-  % 

1  't'f^. « 

ii 

ir^ 

pHHH. 

_l#^^    ^ 

m        p 

1 

1— —  «J||^^% 

fv            \ 

\ 

•^^liP^-^-x^          \| 

"^  ''&fi^ 

^  *   •  ■,' 

Ir-  "^ 

-^11 


NO.   14— DIAGRAM    OF    WALL   PANEL 
COMPOSED  OF  CARDS. 


a  a 

a 
I        a 
a  a 

a 

6 

a    a 
aa  a 


NO.  15.— CROSS  SECTION  OF  AN   "ILLUSION. 

REMOVED.) 


(SIDE  VIEW  WITH   DOOR 


a.  Position  of  spectator,  kept  at  distance  by  railing  or  screen  with  peephole. 

b.  Descriptive  sign  on  front. 

c.  Openingthrough  which  nnodel  is  seen. 

d.  Glass. 

e.  Inside  walls,  finished  in  dull  black  paper. 
X  and  y.  Lights  attached  to  flasher. 

I  and  i  I.  First  and  second  view  of  nnodel. 

When  light  x  is  on,  model!  is  illuminated  and  is  seen  through  glass  d ;  when 
light  y  is  on  and  light  x  is  off,  glass  d  becomes  a  mirror  because  of  the  dark 
box  behind  it,  and  reflects  model  11. 


APPENDIX 


THE   EXHIBIT    OF   THE   CHILDREN'S   BUREAU   AT   THE   PANAMA- 
PACIFIC  EXPOSITION. 

In  preparing  its  exliibit  for  the  Panama-Pacific  Exposition  the  Children's 
Bureau  decided  to  center  its  attention  on  a  "  Children's  Health  Conference " ; 
to  group  around  this  charts,  models,  and  living  demonstrations  on  infant  wel- 
fare, home  play,  and  child  labor;  and  to  maintain  at  the  same  time  an  in- 
formation bureau  to  direct  inquirers  to  other  exhibits  on  the  fair  grounds  deal- 
ing with  phases  of  child  welfare.  To  the  charts  and  models  prepared  in  Wash- 
ington, and  illustrating  the  work  of  the  bureau,  were  added  carefully  chosen 
exhibits  loaned  by  local  organizations.  Local  organizations  also  furnished 
living  exhibits  and  demonstrations  and  cooperated  with  the  bureau  in  con- 
ducting both  the  conference  and  the  exhibit.  Different  hospitals  assigned 
nurses  for  regular  hours  each  day  to  assist  in  the  examination  room.  Different 
women's  clubs  acted  as  hostesses  and  explainers  in  the  exhibit  for  periods  of 
two  weeks  each. 

A  list  of  the  exhibits  will  serve  to  indicate  the  extent  of  this  cooperation 
and  may  prove  suggestive  to  communities  planning  to  hold  child-welfare  ex- 
hibits. All  permanent  exhibits  not  otherwise  designated  are  the  property  of 
the  bureau,  and  will  be  loaned  for  use  on  application  by  local  exhibitors'  after 
December  4,  1915.  Duplicates  of  the  lantern  slides  and  photographic  copies  of 
the  panels  (size  20  by  40  inches)  are  available  immediately. 

CATALOGUE  OF  THE  EXHIBIT. 

LIVING  DEMONSTRATIONS. 

Children's  health  conference. — Free  medical  examination  of  children  under 
15  years,  10  to  1.2,  2  to  5,  except  Saturdays,  Sundays,  and  Wednesday  after- 
noons. 

Bahy  clinic. — Wednesdays  2  to  5,  demonstration  clinic  showing  baby  hygiene 
work  as  carried  on  in  San  Francisco  under  the  Certified  Milk  and  Baby  Hy- 
giene Committee  of  the  Association  of  Collegiate  Alumnae,  and  the  Associated 
Charities. 

Food  for  children. — Mondays,  Wednesdays,  and  Fridays,  2  to  5  p.  m.;  Baby 
feeding  and  preparation  of  milk,  in  charge  Certified  Milk  and  Baby  Hygiene 
Committee,  Association  of  Collegiate  Alumnae. 

Tuesdays,  Thursdays,  and  Saturdays :  Preparing  food  for  young  children,  in 
charge  Department  of  Nutrition,  University  of  California. 

Home  play. — Demonstrations  of  home  toy  making,  painting,  basket  making, 
and  use  of  back-yard  apparatus,  in  charge  recreation  authorities  of  San  Fran- 
cisco and  Oakland  and  Columbia  Park  Boys'  Club. 

PERMANENT    EXHIBIT. 

Our  thirty  million  children. — Large  moving  panorama  showing  the  number 
of  children  dying  before  the  age  of  5  years  and  the  number  in  school  or  at 
work  at  various  ages. 

Infant  welfare. — Fifteen  wall  frames,  3  by  6  feet,  dealing  with  birth  regis- 
tration; prenatal  care;  the  relation  of  infant  mortality  to  poverty,  ignorance, 
and  bad  surroundings;  the  importance  of  breast  feeding  and  rules  for  nursing 
the  baby ;  artificial  feeding  and  pure  milk ;  the  working  mother ;  and  mothers' 
pensions.  (Smaller  reproductions  of  12  of  these  panels,  20  by  40  inches,  are 
available  for  loan  to  local  exhibits.) 

57 


58  CHILD-WELFARE   EXHIBITS. 

Village  of  100  homes,  a  model  loaned  by  the  North  Carolina  Board  of  Health, 
illustrating  by  flashing  and  fading  lights  the  number  of  babies  dying  before  the 
end  of  the  first  day,  the  first  week,  the  first  month,  the  first  year,  and  the' 
second  year. 

Fifty-two  slides  (shown  by  an  automatic  stereopticon )  on  infant  care,  in- 
cluding prenatal  care,  breast  feeding,  artificial  feeding,  the  baby  in  the  home, 
summer  and  winter  care. 

Red  star,  fading  every  10  seconds,  and  bearing  the  inscription,  "  Every  time 
this  star  fades,  somewhere  in  Europe  or  the  United  States  a  baby  dies;  one 
every  10  seconds,  6  every  minute,  360  every  hour;  half  these  deaths  are  pre- 
ventable." 

Glass  case,  containing  soothing  sirups  and  patent  medicines  obtained  from 
the  Department  of  Agriculture,  Bureau  of  Chemistry,  warning  parents  against 
the  use  of  such  remedies  and  showing  the  contents  of  each  specimen. 

Small  booth  on  the  baby  in  the  home,  showing  clothing  for  the  baby,  a  baby's 
bed  properly  made  and  protected  from  drafts,  a  basket  substitute  for  a  crib, 
proper  utensils  for  a  baby's  bath,  and  a  play  pen  with  Siinitary  toys.  Occa- 
sional demonstrations  are  given  in  this  space  by  the  nurse. 

A  glass  case  containing  a  food  exhibit  prepared  by  the  department  of  nutri- 
tion, University  of  California,  showing  the  right  kinds  of  food  for  a  young 
child,  the  method  of  preparing  those  foods  for  different  ages,  and  the  relative 
value  of  various  foods  for  building  bone,  muscle,  and  flesh,  for  supplying  heat 
and  energy,  or  for  enriching  the  blood  with  iron. 

A  metal  sphere  showing  the  proportion  of  baby  deaths  in  the  United  States 
due  to  various  causes. 

A  metal  cone  showing  how  cities  in  the  United  States  spend  their  money. 

Model  of  a  baby's  stomach  at  birth. 

Models  of  a  typical  case  of  adenoids. 

Models  of  normal  stools  of  small  baby  and  stools  showing  diarrhea.  (Used 
only  in  the  conference  room  with  mothers.) 

Models  made  by  the  Pasadena  High-School  girls'  class  in  sanitation,  illus- 
trating an  effective  way.  of  giving  a  class  a  knowledge  of  hygiene.  One  of  these 
models  traces  the  course  of  a  typhoid  epidemic,  showing  that  it  is  carried  by 
water  pollution ;  the  other  shows  a  good  and  a  bad  dairy. 

Home  play. — Three  wall  frames  dealing  with  the  requirements  of  a  com- 
prehensive plan  of  public  recreation,  the  need  of  home  play  for  small  children, 
and  the  proper  equipment  in  house  and  yard. 

Home  play  yard,  loan  exhibit  from  the  San  Francisco  public  schools,  showing 
ladders,  slide,  sand  box,  and  balance  beam.     ( See  illustration  No.  2. ) 

Home  playroom,  containing  toys  made  by  children  from  simple  materials. 
Used  as  demonstration  room. 

Children's  interests.  A  collection  of  articles  made  by  children  and  secured 
through  the  San  Francisco  schools,  the  recreation  authorities  of  San  Francisco 
and  Oakland,  and  the  Columbia  Park  Boys'  Club. 

A  revolving  wing  frame,  showing  the  playgrounds  of  Oakland. 

A  scrapbook  showing  some  recent  ideas  in  recreation,  including  the  municipal 
camp  in  Los  Angeles,  the  Amenia  field  day,  the  play  school  of  the  University 
of  California,  the  Public  Schools  Athletic  League  of  New  York  City,  and  the 
playground  equipment  and  facilities  of  Chicago. 

Child  lahor. — Five  w^all  frames  containing  statistics  from  the  United  States 
census  on  the  number  of  children  gainfully  employed  and  their  distribution 
by  age,  sex,  and  geographical  division,  industry,  and  occupation. 

A  map  model  showing  by  age  and  sex  groups  the  proportion  of  working 
children  in  different  sections  of  the  country. 

Twelve  transparencies  containing  photographs  of  the  typical  occupations  of 
children  in  the  United  States. 

Information  bureau. — A  set  of  the  publications  of  the  Childrens'  Bureau. 

A  small  collection  of  recent  pamphlets  published  by  national  societies  doing 
work  for  children. 

Scrapbooks  on  State  child-welfare  exhibits,  local  child-welfare  exhibits, 
traveling  child- welfare  exhibits. 

Information  concerning  exhibits  in  the  exposition  dealing  with  children. 


ADDITIONAL  COPIES 

OF  THIS  PUBLICATION  MAY  BE  PROCURED  FEOM 

THE  SUPERINTENDENT  OF  DOCUMENTS 

GOVERNMENT  Pr^INTING  OFFICE 

WASHINGTON.  D.  C. 

AT 

20  CENTS  PER  COPY 


»&S! 


NOV  6     1969 
2  3 199S 


APR  2  6  2007 


UNIVEBSITY   OF   CALIFOENIA   LIBEAET 
BERKELEY 

THIS  BOOK  IS  DtTE~^  THE  lAST  DATE 
STAMPED  BELOW 

to  tl.OO  per  voIumTafter  th?^BiS  S™'*"'^'  '"""asmg 
demand  may  be  renewed  if  .™S,^»*°''-.  ^o'^s  not  iS 
expiration  of  loan  period      ''''""=»''™  «  "ade  before 


JUL  30  193^ 

DAVIS 
IINTERLIBRARY  LOA 


75m-7,'30 


Phoiomount 

Pamphlet 

Binder 

Gay  lord  Bros. 

Makers 

Syracuse,  N.  Y. 

PAT,  JAN  21,  1908 


YC   fOl<=JS. 


cos7oasa7a 


5I9C0; 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  LIBRARY 


i 


